Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common clinical type of epilepsy,which is generally available for drug therapy.Surgical operation will be considered when patients developing into refractory epilepsy.Currently,treatment response evaluation is based on the observation of seizure remission in a certain period,and the real-time and objective evaluation is unavailable.With the improvement of MRI technology and image analysis methods,the multimodal MRI has been widely used to assess the effectiveness of TLE treatment.The progresses of multi-modal MRI and its new technique in assessment of epilepsy remission and cognitive function in TLE patients were reviewed in this article.

OBJECTIVEWe aimed to perform a meta-analysis of clinical trials on the efficacy of autologous bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) transfer for patients with chronic ischemic heart disease.

METHODSWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane database through September 2009. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of autologous BMCs infusion in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. We gathered information about left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and death, and did a random-effect meta-analysis to obtain summary effect estimates for outcomes. The pooled analyses were performed and forest plots were generated with RevMan 5.0 software. Heterogeneity was assessed by meta-regression with STATA 10.0 software. Additionally, subgroup analysis was performed to compare the effect of intracoronary BMCs transfer with intramyocardial cell injection on LVEF.

RESULTSEleven trials with 490 participants were identified. There were 268 patients in BMCs group, and 222 in control group. In control group, the patients received saline injection or autologous plasma injection or no injection. BMCs transfer was performed via intracoronary transfer or intramyocardial injection. Compared with controls, BMCs transfer significantly improved LVEF by 4.63% (95%CI 2.42 to 6.84; P < 0.01). BMCs transfer was also associated with significant reductions in LVEDV (standardized mean difference -0.55, 95%CI -0.94 to -0.17, P = 0.005) and LVESV (standardized mean difference -0.45, 95%CI -0.73 to -0.17, P = 0.002). In addition, BMCs treatment was associated with a significant effect on death (OR 0.42, 95%CI 0.18 to 1.01, P = 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated that intramyocardial cell injection was preferred due to its more significant improvement of LVEF than intracoronary cell therapy. Meta-regression suggested the existence of a negative association between baseline LVEF and LVEF change.

CONCLUSIONBMCs infusion is associated with a significant improvement in LVEF, and an attenuation of left ventricular remodeling.

Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; surgery ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Transplantation, Autologous

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of T cell and its subsets in the induction of insulitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in BALB/c mice.

METHODSAutoimmune diabetes mellitus was developed by intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) daily for 5 consecutive days in BALB/c mice as sources of donor cells. Spleen cells from diabetic mice were then cultured for 7 days in the stimulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to harvest diabetogenic T cells, which were subsequently transferred into normal BALB/c mice recipients. MTT, ELISA, and HE staining were used to analyze the lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine (IL-2, interferon-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10) levels, and pathological changes in pancreatic islets.

RESULTSAs few as 3 x 10(6) diabetogenic T cells successfully induced diabetes mellitus in recipients pretreated with STZ twice, whereas transfer of equal amount of normal splenocytes, T cell-depleted diabetogenic splenocytes, or diabetogenic CD4+ T cells alone in recipients receiving STZ twice pretreatment was proved not to induce diabetes mellitus either. A markedly increased lymphocyte proliferation, high levels of interferon-gamma and IL-2 in the supernatants of diabetogenic T cells were observed. In addition, a markedly enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, a high level of interferon-gamma secretion in serum, and numerous lymphocytes infiltration in pancreatic islets were detected in the diabetic mice induced by diabetogenic T cells transfer.

CONCLUSIONSA novel T1DM murine model is established in STZ-pretreated BALB/c mice by adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells. CD4+ T cells with interferon-gamma may promote the onset of diabetes mellitus.

Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Cytokines ; immunology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; metabolism ; pathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; immunology ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Islets of Langerhans ; cytology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and safety of enzyme therapy in late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) patients, so as to provide reference for the treatment and prognosis of LOPD.Methods:The effect of α-glucosidase (GAA) on a patient diagnosed with LOPD in the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University was observed and analyzed. Besides, literature related to enzyme therapy in LOPD patients were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline databases. Twenty-one studies containing clinical data from 910 LOPD patients related to enzyme therapy were finally included for analysis.Results:The patient developed muscle weakness since he was 16 years old. The GAA activity in peripheral blood was 0. Electromyography suggested myogenic lesions in both lower extremities. Compound heterozygous mutations of GAA gene were found by next- generation sequencing. Muscle biopsy revealed characteristic vacuolar changes. After eight years of diagnosis, the patient was given enzyme therapy for 18.5 months, 20 times in total. The symptoms of muscle weakness were slightly improved in the early stages of treatment without obvious adverse reactions. Most of the 910 LOPD patients were stabilized or had improved muscular and (or) respiratory function following treatment with GAA.Conclusion:GAA treatment is effective and well tolerated. In patients with advanced severe LOPD, enzyme replacement therapy remains effective even years after onset.

BACKGROUNDDetection of coronary microembolization is of clinical importance for patient management and prediction of long-term outcome. However, there are few studies of the changes of magnetic resonance imaging after coronary microembolization. This study was designed to investigate the imaging of the left ventricle using delayed contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as well as the left ventricular ejection fraction after coronary microembolization in animal models.

METHODSEight miniswine, of either sex (body weight 21-25 kg), were used to make the coronary microembolization model. After coronary angiography, a 2.8F infusion catheter was placed in the left anterior descending artery with the tip located between the second and third diagonal branches. Microspheres with the diameter of 42 microm and mean dosage of 1.2 x 10(5) were selectively infused into the left anterior descending artery. First pass and stressed first pass perfusion scan were performed after cine images were acquired. Then a second bolus of 0.15 mmol/kg gadolinium DTPA was given at a rate of 2 ml/s. Ten minutes later, delayed contrast enhanced magnetic resonance images of the left ventricular wall were evaluated. Serum changes of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTSHypoenhancement was not observed at first pass perfusion at the anterior wall of the left ventricle. Hyperenhancements of the anterior-septal and anterior wall of the left ventricle was in evidence on delayed enhancement images 6 hours after microembolization and disappeared one week later. The characteristic change of coronary microembolization on delayed contrast enhanced magnetic imaging was non-enhanced regions within the hyperenhancement zone. Left ventricular ejection fraction measured by magnetic resonance imaging decreased significantly from 0.451 +/- 0.063 at baseline to 0.362 +/- 0.070 at the sixth hour (P < 0.01), and recovered to 0.431 +/- 0.053 one week later (P < 0.01 vs 6th hour). Compared with baseline values, the left ventricular end systolic volume enlarged significantly at 6th hour and at one week after microembolization (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). Serum TNF-alpha increased significantly at 6th hour (22.62 +/- 6.96) pg/ml compared with baseline (16.83 +/- 3.45) pg/ml (P < 0.05) and it further increased to (27.44 +/- 3.97) pg/ml at one week after coronary microembolization and was significantly higher than that at baseline (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSOn delayed contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, hyperenhancement of the anterior-septal and anterior wall of the left ventricle show at 6th hour but not at one week after coronary microembolization. This might represent the characteristic imaging after coronary microembolization. The left ventricular ejection fraction decreased at 6th hour and recovered one week later after coronary microembolization. Although impairment of left ventricular function could be recovered at 1 week after coronary microembolization, the left ventricular remodeling process still continued in concert with continuously elevation of serum TNF-alpha.

Animals ; Contrast Media ; Coronary Angiography ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; methods ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Image Enhancement ; methods ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Male ; Swine ; Ventricular Function, Left

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Elephantopus tomentosus.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by repeated HP20 macro porous adsorption resin column combined with Sephadex LH-20, ODS and silica gel chromatographies. The structures were identified on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis and by comparison of their spectral data reported.

RESULTEighteen compounds were identified as 2-deethoxy-2beta-hydroxyphantomolin (1), 2beta-hydroxy-2-deethoxy-8-O-deacylphantomolin-8-O-tiglinate (2), 2beta-methoxy-2-deethoxyphantomolin (3), 2beta-methoxy-2-deethoxy-8-O-deacylphantomolin-8-O-tiglinate (4), molephantin (5), molephantinin (6), tricin (7), luteolin (8), quercetin (9), 3beta-friedelinol (10), 3beta-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (11), 3, 5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid (12), 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid (13), syringaresinol-4-beta-D-glucopyranoside (14), xylogranatinin (15), byzantionoside B (16), 2'-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (17), and caffeic acid ethyl ester (18).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 9, 11, 14-18 were separated from Elephantopus for the first time.

Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) , according to the genetic test of non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL), and check using the direct sequencing.

METHODSPeripheral blood was collected from 454 NSHL patients. DNA samples were extracted and 20 loci of the four common disease-causing genes were analysed by MALDI-TOF-MS, including GJB2 (35delG, 167delT, 176_191del16, 235delC, 299_300delAT ), GJB3 (538C→T, 547G→A), SLC26A4 (281C→T, 589G→A, IVS7-2A→G, 1174A→T, 1226G→A, 1229C→T, IVS15+5G→A, 1975G→C, 2027T→A, 2162C→T, 2168A→G), and mitochondrial 12S rRNA (1494C→T, 1555A→G). Direct sequencing was also used to analyse the aforementioned 20 loci in order to validate the accuracy of MALDI-TOF-MS.

RESULTSAmong the 454 patients, 166 cases (36.56%) of disease-causing mutations were detected, which included 69 cases (21.15%) of GJB2 gene mutation, four cases (0.88%) of GJB3 gene mutation, 64 cases (14.10%) of SLC26A4 gene mutation, and three cases (0.66%) of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene mutation. Moreover, the results obtained from direct sequencing and MALDI-TOF-MS were consistent, and the results showed that the two methods were consistent.

CONCLUSIONSThe MALDI-TOF-MS detection method was designed based on the hearing loss-related mutation hotspots seen in the Chinese population, and it has a high detection rate for NSHL related mutations. In comparison to the conventional detection methods, MALDI-TOF-MS has the following advantages: more detection sites, greater coverage, accurate, high throughput and low cost. Therefore, this method is capable of satisfying the needs of clinical detection for hearing impairment and it is suitable for large-scale implementation.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Connexins ; Deafness ; genetics ; Female ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo estimate the safety of intracoronary autologous bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) transfer in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

METHODSA systematic literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane EBM, BIOSIS, EMBASE and Chinese Journal Full-text Database between January 1990 and May 2007, was performed. Inclusion criteria required that patients received intracoronary BMSC transfer after coronary reperfusion therapy for primary acute myocardial infarction; study design involved patient randomization and matching placebo group as well as detailed safety data with more than 3 months follow-up results.

RESULTSA total of 5 trials with 620 patients were available for analysis. The pooled statistics showed similar results between BMSC and placebo groups in terms of occurrence of the individual clinical adverse events and the combined endpoint death, recurrence of myocardial infarction, or revascularization procedures. The combined endpoint death, recurrence of myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures, or rehospitalization for heart failure was significantly reduced in the BMSC group compared with the control group at more than one year follow-up (OR = 0.45, 95%CI 0.28 - 0.74, P = 0.002). Likewise, the occurrence of revascularization and the combined endpoint death, recurrence of myocardial infarction, or revascularization procedures were significantly reduced when BMSC transplantation was performed between 4 and 7 days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (OR = 0.60, 95%CI 0.37 - 0.97, P = 0.04; OR = 0.58, 95%CI 0.37 - 0.91, P = 0.02, respectively). In contrast, there was a significant increase in the combined endpoint revascularization and recurrence of myocardial infarction when BMSC transplantation was performed within 24 hours after PCI (OR = 2.56, 95%CI 1.03 - 6.34, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONSPost PCI intracoronary autologous BMSC transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction is safe, especially in patients received BMSC transplantation between 4 and 7 days after primary PCI than patients received BMSC transplantation within 24 hours post PCI.

Bone Marrow Transplantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction ; therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Ventricular Remodeling

Atherosclerosis ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Cytokines ; secretion ; Dendritic Cells ; drug effects ; immunology ; Endocytosis ; Fenofibrate ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; toxicity ; Monocytes ; cytology ; PPAR alpha ; agonists ; physiology

OBJECTIVEDendritic cells an hyperinsulinemia are both implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of high concentration of insulin on the maturation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and related signal transduction pathways.

METHODSHuman monocytes were purified (over 98%) using Anti-CD14 micro-beads and cultured for 5 days with DC Cellgro medium containing rhGM-CSF (100 microg/L) and rhIL-4 (20 microg/L). Immature DC were then incubated with insulin of various concentrations (0, 1, 10, 100 nmol/L) for 24 hours in the presence or absence of LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) or PD98059 (MAPK inhibitor). Immunophenotypic expression of CD86 and CD83 were detected using flow cytometry. Endocytosis function of the MoDCs was evaluated using FITC-Dextran and MoDCs secretion IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were measured by ELISA.

RESULTSInsulin induced significantly higher CD83 and CD86 expressions on MoDCs in a dose-dependent manner. The endocytosis function of MoDCs were significantly inhibited and cytokine secretions of IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha significantly increased by 10 nmol/L and 100 nmol/L insulin. These effects could be blocked by the LY294002 and PD98059.

CONCLUSIONHyperinsulinemia contributed to atherosclerosis via stimulating immune maturation of MoDCs via both PI3K and MAPK pathways.

Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines ; metabolism ; Dendritic Cells ; drug effects ; immunology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Monocytes ; cytology ; Phagocytosis ; drug effects ; Signal Transduction