OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the objective and universal attitudes toward mentally-disabled defendants. The authors examined the criminal characteristics of the mentally-disabled defendants and clarified the differences between psychiatric opinions about the criminal responsibilities of mental patients and the final judicial decisions. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 75 mentally-disabled defendants. They had been referred to Seoul Eunpung Municipal hospital during the period of Jan. 1990 to Mar. 1997. We examined them through psychiatric interview, clinical psychological tests and other tests. The data obtained were analyzed in several aspects: demographic factors, characteristics of crime, psychiatric opinions and legal opinions. RESULTS: Regarding the demographic background, most commonly met subjects were males, single, in their twenties and thirties, with educational background of about 11 years, unemployed, and living in urban districts. Approximately one third(37.5%) of all subjects were diagnosed as schizophrenia, 10.8% an mood disorder and 9.3% as personality disorder. The most frequent criminal act was assault and battery(28.0) and the mental states at the time of the criminal act could be inferred as delusion/hallucination(52.0%) and paroxysmal emotional uncontrollable state(33.3%),etc. About forty perecnt(39.4%) of victims were strangers, 25.3% were public servants 21.3% were family members. According to the psychiatric report out of 75 defenddants, defendants were classified as followes:44 defendants were evaluated to be totally free of criminal responsibility, 22 defendants to be partially responsible, and 5 defendants to be fully responsible. However, the psychiatric evaluation was found to be in contrast with the final judicial decisions by the court:16 defendants were totally free of criminal responsibility, 44 of restricted criminal responsibility and 15 fully responsible. In case of no responsibility, the agreement rate between the judge's opinions and the psychiatric ones was 36.3%, for partial responsibility it was 73.0%, and for full responsibility it was 100%. DISCUSSION: The judges do not completely agree to psychiatric opinions. Therefore, the authors suggest that more facilitated communication between psychiatrists and judges should be necessary for the benefiit of mentally-disabled defendants.
Crime ; Criminals ; Demography ; Disability Evaluation* ; Hospitals, Municipal ; Humans ; Male ; Mentally Ill Persons ; Mood Disorders ; Personality Disorders ; Psychiatry ; Psychological Tests ; Schizophrenia ; Seoul

Clinical and statistical observation was made on outpatient inpatients and operations in Urology Department of the Capital Army Hospital during the period from Jan., 1962 to Dec. 1963 and the results (1) Clinical statistics on outpatients. 1) Total outpatient were 2213 cases, 2179 males and U females, and the male to female ratio was 64.1:1. 2) The number of outpatient increased in winter and decreased in summer. 3) According to age distribution, the majority of the patients (96.2%) where between 21 and 40 years of age. 4) The most common diseases were urethritis (35.7%) showing annual increase, while redundant prepuce, urolithiasis, injury of genito-urinary tract, nonspecific epididymitis and hydrocele, showing annual decrease. 5) Renal tuberculosis showed annual decrease and tuberculous epididymitis, annual increase. (II) Clinical statistics on inpatients. 1) The inpatients during 2 years were 241 cases which comprised10.9% of total outpatients. The male inpatients stood for 11% of total outpatient and the female inpatients, 5.9%. 2) The most common disease were renal tuberculosis, hydrocele, non-specific epididymitis, stones of kidney and ureter, tuberculous epididymitis, urethral rupture and scrotal hematoma. (III) Clinical statistics on operations. The number of total operations were 640 during 2 years. Circumcision comprised 34.0% of total operations, vasectomy, 30.6% Nephrectomy, 6.1% ; epididymectomy, 6.1%, hydrocelectomy, 4.1% and plastic surgery of urethra, 2.3%. One case of Bricker's operation was performed.
Age Distribution ; Circumcision, Male ; Epididymitis ; Female ; Hematoma ; Hospitals, Military* ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Kidney ; Korea* ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Outpatients* ; Rupture ; Seoul* ; Surgery, Plastic ; Tuberculosis, Renal ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urethritis ; Urolithiasis ; Urology* ; Vasectomy

Sjogren syndrome is a chronic, slowly progressive, autoimmune disease in which the exocrine glands are damaged by lymphocytic infiltration, resulting in xerostomia and xerophthalmia. Sjogren syndrome may occur in 2 forms: primary Sjogren syndrome, when the clinical manifestations of the syndrome are seen alone, and secondary Sjogren syndrome, when associated with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythromatosus, or scleroderma. Approximately one third of patients present with extraglandular manifestations: arthritis, Raynaud phenomenon, lymphadenopathy, lung involvement, vasculitis and peripheral nervous system involvement. About 10-50% of patients with Sjogren syndrome had evidence of thyroid disease, mainly hypothyroidism. Several inflammatory thyroid diseases are also considered to be autoimmune in origin. In this respect, the histologic picture of primary Sjogren syndrome exocrine glands and autoimmune thyroid glands show great similarities. Here, we report a new case of Sjogren syndrome accompanying with hyperthyroidism which affected a 10-year-old girl.
Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Child ; Exocrine Glands ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism* ; Hypothyroidism ; Lung ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Peripheral Nervous System ; Raynaud Disease ; Sjogren's Syndrome* ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland ; Vasculitis ; Xerophthalmia ; Xerostomia

An unusual case of glroependymal cyst involving the lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebellopontine angle cistern and prepontine cistern, simultaneously, is reported. The glroependymal cyst is benign developmental cyst that mainly occurs in the cerebrospinal axis in relation to ventricle, but occasionally occurs in relation to extraventricular system, such as subarachnoid space, brain stem and cerebral parenchyme. The histological characteristics of ependymal cyst wall are ependyma-like epithelium and neuroglial tissue.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Brain Stem ; Cerebellopontine Angle ; Epithelium ; Lateral Ventricles ; Subarachnoid Space

Diabetic mastopathy is a rare disease that occurs in long-term insulin-dependent diabetic patient. It manifests as a hard palpable breast mass that may be clinically indistinguishable from a breast carcinoma. Mammography shows a non-specific, dense, heterogenous glandular opacity in both breasts. Sonography shows a markedly hypoechoic, ill-marginated mass with a posterior acoustic shadowing. We present the mammography, ultrasonography and MRI findings of a 54-year-old woman with diabetic mastopathy.
Acoustics ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Mammography ; Middle Aged ; Rare Diseases ; Shadowing (Histology) ; Ultrasonography

In the article cited above, Fig. 3 was input incorrectly.

PURPOSE: Optimal management of colonoscopic perforation (CP) is controversial because early diagnosis and prompt management play critical roles in morbidity and mortality. Herein, we evaluate the outcomes and clinical characteristics of patients with CP according to treatment modality to help establish guidelines for managing CP. METHODS: Our retrospective analysis included 40 CP patients from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2014. Patients with CP were categorized into 2 groups according to therapeutic modality: operation (surgery) and nonoperation (endo-luminal clip application or conservative treatment) groups. RESULTS: The postoperative morbidity rate was 40%, and no mortalities were noted. The incidence of abdominal pain and tenderness in patients who received only conservative management was significantly lower than in those who underwent surgery (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Patients tended to undergo surgery more often for diagnosis times longer than 24 hours and for diagnostic CPs. The mean hospital stays for the operation and nonoperation groups were 14.6 ± 7.77 and 5.9 ± 1.62 days, respectively (P < 0.001). Compared to the operation group, the nonoperation group began intake of liquid diets significantly earlier after perforation (3.8 ± 1.32 days vs. 5.6 ± 1.25 days, P < 0.001) and used antibiotics for a shorter duration (4.7 ± 1.29 days vs. 8.7 ± 2.23 days, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The time of diagnosis and the injury mechanism may be useful indications for conservative management. Nonoperative management, such as endo-luminal clip application, might be beneficial, when feasible, for the treatment of patients with CP.
Abdominal Pain ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Colonoscopy ; Diagnosis ; Diet ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Length of Stay ; Mortality ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases* ; Lung Neoplasms ; Pemetrexed*

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that ginsan, a polysaccharide extracted from Panax ginseng had an immunostimulatory activity such as mitogenic activity, activation of macrophages and killer cells, and production of a variety of cytokines which resulted in antitumor and antiseptic effects. We further purified alpha-(1-->6)-glucan and beta-(2-->6)-fructan from the ginsan with size exclusion and ion-exchange column chromatography successively. In this study, we performed the structure-based activity of ginsan by comparison with known polysacchrides such as beta-glucan, curdlan, laminarin, levan, dextran, lentinan and OK-432. METHODS: To investigate the immunostimulatory activity of several polysaccharide compounds, we investigated the stimulation of lymphocytes proliferation, the generation of activated killer cells and the secretion of nitrites from activated macrophages. RESULTS: Of polysaccharides tested, curdlan and ginsan stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, suggesting that the molecular weight and composition of polysaccharide are dependent on the mitogenic activity. The production of nitric oxide was significantly increased in curdlan, levan, ginsan and its fraction, indicating that fructan has also capacity to activate macrophages and may devote to kill pathogens. In addition, the activation of macrophages was seemed to be independent of molecular weight of polysaccharide. The generation of AK cells was exhibited in order of curdlan, OK-432> F1, ginsan, F3>levan>etc. The AK activity may be dependent on molecular weight and composition of polysaccharides. CONCLUSION: Unfortunately, purified polysaccharide from ginsan were less active on immunostimulatory activity than mixed compounds of polysaccharides. From the viewpoint of structure and activity relationships, we found several characteristic features.
Chromatography ; Cytokines ; Dextrans ; Lentinan ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Molecular Structure* ; Molecular Weight ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitrites ; Panax ; Picibanil ; Polysaccharides*

BACKGROUND: Reciprocal ST-segment depression in precordial leads is a common finding in acute inferior myocardial infarction. The responsible mechanism and the significance of this finding, however, are still controversial. METHODS: From January 1991 to December 1994, 38 patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction were treated at the Department of Internal Medicine in Kyung Hee University Hospital. Clinical characteristics, serial electrocardiograms, and angiographic findings of coronary artery and left ventriculography, echocardiography were reviewed. Reciprocal ST-segment depression was defined as ST-segment depression>or=1.0mm in two or more adjacent precordial leads(V1-V3) in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction showing ST-segment elevation in II, III, aVF. Coronary angiography and echocardiography were performed within 24 hours from admission. In this study, angiographic distribution score was used to define the perfusion territory causing inferior ischemia. RESULTS: 1) The summation of ST-segment elevation in II, III, aVF leads was significantly more higher in group H than group A (P<0.05). 2) However, the angiographic distribution score, peak CK levels, in-hospital complications and ejection fraction showed no difference between two groups (P>0.05). 3) There were no evidence of anterior wall motion abnormality in two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the S'I'- segment depression on the precordial leads in acute myocardial infarction can be explained mainly by benign reciprocal electrical change.
Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vessels ; Depression* ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction* ; Internal Medicine ; Ischemia ; Myocardial Infarction ; Perfusion