No abstract available.
Humans ; Male* ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

We performed case-control studies for the 1, 138 Korean adult men. According to the results of UGIS, we classified the gastritis into the erosive gastritis, superficial gastritis, and hypertrophic gastritis. And then, we selected controls among non-gastritis group after matching. Alcohol intake and smoking history was obtained by questionnaire. And we observed the effects of alcohol intake and smoking to the each gastritis. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Smokers had a risk of getting erosive gastritis more than twice (2.6) than non-smokers and there was dose-response relationships between smoking and erosive gastritis. Alcohol intake, however, had no significant relation with the erosive gastritis. 2. Both smoking and alcohol intake had no significant relations with superficial gastritis. 3. Smoking had no significant relation with hypertrophic gastritis, but dividing between those who drank more than 100gm of alcohol a week and those who drank less, we obtained the odds ratio of 3. 4 suggesting that there existed a significant relation between moderate or excessive alcohol intake and hypertrophic gastritis. 4. Among the gastritis patients, those who had erosive gastritis smoked most heavily, and those who had hypertrophic gastritis drank most excessively.
Adult* ; Case-Control Studies* ; Gastritis* ; Gastritis, Hypertrophic ; Humans ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

No abstract available.
Pregnancy*

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of oral care with essential oil in improving the oral health status of hospice patients with terminal cancer. METHODS: The participants were 43 patients with terminal cancer admitted to K hospital in G city, Korea. Twenty-two patients were assigned to the experimental group and 21 to the control group. Participants in the experimental group received special mouth care with essential oil (application of essential oil mixture consisting of geranium, lavender, tea tree, and peppermint). The control group received special mouth care with 0.9% saline. The special mouth care was performed twice daily for one week in both groups. The scores for subjective oral comfortness, objective oral state, and numbers of colonizing Candida albicans were measured before and after the treatment. RESULTS: The score for subjective oral comfortness and objective oral state were significantly higher in the experimental group compared to the control group. The numbers of colonizing Candida albicans significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Oral care with essential oil could be an effective oral health nursing intervention for hospice patients with terminal cancer.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Candida albicans/drug effects ; *Hospice Care ; Hospices ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Oils, Volatile/*administration & dosage ; *Oral Health ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of PBL on ability of nursing students in Self-Directed Learning, Critical Thinking Disposition and Problem Solving Process. METHODS: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. For the experimental group PBL was used during one semester (14 weeks). Instruments for data collection were Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (Kim, 1997), Critical Thinking Disposition Scale (Kwon et al., 2006) and Problem Solving Process Scale (Lee, 1979). The data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS: There were statistically significant improvements in Self-Directed Learning and Critical Thinking between the two groups after PBL. But there was no statistically significant improvement in the Problem Solving Process. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PBL has a positive effect on nursing students' education. Therefore, PBL should be used for more subjects in the nursing curriculum.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Humans ; Learning ; Problem Solving ; Problem-Based Learning ; Research Design ; Students, Nursing ; Thinking

No abstract available.
Arteries* ; Echocardiography ; Fetus* ; Heart ; Humans* ; Mitral Valve* ; Tricuspid Valve*

We have expressed GFP in Sf9 and Bm5 cells or Bombyx by larvae by using Ac-Bm hybrid virus capable of replicating in both Bm5 and Sf9 cells. Genomic DNA of Ac-Bm hybrid virus expressing P-galactosidase was cotransfected with baculovirus transfer vector containing GFP gene, pBacPAK-GFP in Sf9 cells. The Ac-Bm hybrid virus harboring GFP was named as Ac-Bm hybrid virus-GFP. The Ac-Bm hybrid virus-GFP-infected insect cells were easily selected by detecting the emission of GFP from each well of cell culture dish on the UV illuminator. GFP produced by Ac-Bm hybrid virus-GFP in Sf9 and Bm5 cells or B. mori larvae was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using GFP antibody. In addition, B. mori larvae infected with Ac-Bm hybrid virus-GFP was apparently appeared fluorescence from the whole body at 5 days postinoculation. The fluorescence of GFP from the hemolymph and fat body of B. mori larvae infected with Ac-Bm hybrid virus-GFP was also observed by fluorescence microscope. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that in baculovirus expression vector system, use of Ac-Bm hybrid virus have an additional advantage of expanded host range for producing recombinant proteins.
Animals ; Baculoviridae ; Blotting, Western ; Bombyx* ; Cell Culture Techniques ; DNA ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Fat Body ; Fluorescence ; Hemolymph ; Host Specificity ; Insects ; Larva* ; Recombinant Proteins ; Sf9 Cells ; Spodoptera*

PURPOSE: To analyze the home care services provided to the elderly aged 65 and older by a hospital-based home care agencies and to investigate the effects of long-term care insurance for the elderly. METHOD: The subjects were the home care service recipients aged 65 and older in 172 hospital-based, home care agencies registered in Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in January, 2007. The data were collected using a questionnaire from March 16 to April 15, 2007. The questionnaire return rate was 43.8%. RESULT: The hospital-based home care agencies were able to visit 66.5% of the national administrative districts. Of the home care service recipients, over 50% were 65 years old and older. About 43% of the agencies reported that over 50% of their patients would be subject to the long-term care insurance. They expressed concern that home care services would be withdrawn once the insurance system is initiated. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that hospital-based home care agencies need to manage home care services with long-term care insurance. It also recommends developing guidelines for the use of services and referrals.
Aged* ; Home Care Agencies ; Home Care Services ; Home Care Services, Hospital-Based* ; Humans ; Insurance ; Insurance, Health ; Insurance, Long-Term Care ; Long-Term Care ; Referral and Consultation ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Exercise myocardial perfusion scans in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thy have shown reversible perfusion abnormalities with unknown clinical significance. We performed this study to characterize dipyridamole Tl-201 SPECT imaging and correlate with clinical findings in patients with hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Tl-201 SPECT was performed in 25 patients of hypertrophic cardiomyopa-thy with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 20 normal controls after dipyridamole infusion (0.56 mg/kg). Myocardial wall was divided into 8 segments. Tl-201 uptake and relative washout rate were calculated. RESULTS: Tl-201 SPECT showed significantly lower Tl-201 uptake in basal septal (81.3+/-3.4% vs 78.2+/-6.4%, p<0.05) and apical septal wall on stress (88.2+/-4.7% vs 83.9+/-6.5%, p<0.05) and higher apical septal (86.6+/-5.2% vs 89.2+/-3.1%, p<0.05) and apical anterior wall uptake (88.7%+/-4.0% vs 91.4+/-4.9%, p<0.05) on redistribution images in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Basal lateral wall uptake of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was significantly lower than normal control on both stress (84.7+/-3.5% vs 81.2+/-7.3%, p<0.05) and redistribution images (85.0+/-5.8% vs 76.8+/-7.2%, p<0.0001). The septum/lateral uptake ratio of patients on rest image was significantly higher than that of normal controls (0.98+/-0.07 vs 1.07+/-0.10, p<0.001). There was no difference in age, sex, symptom, cardiac medication and the parameters of 2D-echo including left ven-tricular outflow obstruction between subgroups of normal vs abnormal washout in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSION: Dipyridamole Tl-201 myocardial SPECT shows reduced coronary vasodilatory capacity of myocardium, especially septum in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. High septal/lateral uptake ratio on redistribution image may be a characteristic finding. However, no correlation between abnorm-al Tl-201 washout and clinical findings was observed.
Cardiomyopathies ; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic* ; Dipyridamole* ; Humans ; Myocardium ; Perfusion* ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to define nurses' level of self-leadership, self-esteem, and organizational effectiveness, and to examine relationships among above variables. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 313 nurses from two general hospitals located in Seoul Metropolitan area in Korea. The data was collected by self-reported instruments: Self-leadership scale, Self-esteem scale, Job satisfaction scale, Organizational commitment scale, and Turnover intention scale. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regres don u dng SPSS-PC program. RESULTS: The average scores of variables were; self-leadership, 3.72/5.00 self-esteem, 3.76/5.00 Job satisfaction, 3.36/5.00 organizational commitment, 3.29/5.00 and turnover intentioncri 2.94/5.00. Self-leadership was dgnificantly correlated to self-esteem, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. Self-leadership, job satisfaction, and turnover intention explained 52.3% of organizational commitment. Self-leadership and organizational commitment explained 43% of turnover intention. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended to develop standardized self-leadership curriculum in the nursing school to build a foundation of self-leadership from undergraduate nursing students. Educational programs are needed that promote nurses' self-leadership as regular continuing education. Organizational effectiveness would be improved by providing programs to enhance nurses' self-esteem, educational motivation, and organizational commitment, which boost self-leadership.
Curriculum ; Education, Continuing ; Efficiency, Organizational ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Intention ; Job Satisfaction ; Korea ; Leadership ; Motivation ; Schools, Nursing ; Students, Nursing