The purpose of this study was to compare bracket shear bond strengths of th crystal growth solutions wi those of the 37% phosphoric acid etch technique. The 4 crystal growth solutions were made experimentally in th lab, that is (1)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3 M sulfuric acid (ES 1), (2)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.6 M solution acid (ES 2), (3)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3 M solution acid and 0.6M lithium sulfate(ES 3), (4)30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3 M solution acid and 5% phosphoric acid (ES 4). The 37% phosphoric acid solution used as a control. Bovine lower incisor tooth enamel was treated by the above solutions for 60 sec, washed out for 20 sec with slow water stream, and bonded lower anterior edgewise bracket with the light curing orthodontic composit resin adhesives. The teeth bonded brackets were stored in the distilled water at room temperature for 24h, and followed to test the bracket shear bond strength. The acid etch technique showed 177.6kg/cm(2) of mean shear bond strength which was the highest among the enamel treatment solutions. ES 1 shown 58.4 kg/cm(2) of mead shear bond strength and the of ES 4 showed 66.5 kg/cm(2). There was no significant difference between the two(p>0.05). Es 2 showed 110.6kg/cm(2) of mean shear bond strength which was 62.3% of that of acid etch technique. ES 3 showed 131.3kg/cm(2) of mead shear bond strength which was the highest among experimental crystal growth solution and which was 74% of that of acid etch technique. The shear bond strengths of the crystal growth solutions and were significantly lower that that of acid etch technique(p<0.05). The results suggest that bracket shear bond strength of 30% polyacrylic acid solution containing 0.3M sulfuric acid and 0.6M lithium sulfate were showed the highest, it is low for the clinical application of this solution.
Adhesives ; Crystallization* ; Dental Enamel ; Incisor ; Lithium ; Rivers ; Sulfur ; Tooth ; Water

This study was focused on the distribution of different facial types of the Class II division 1 malocclusion groups and skeletal characteristics of the each group and those that anteropsterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible calculated from the analysis of ANB angle and Wits appraisal was quite different from each other, as well. Cephalometric headplates of 140 persons of Class II division 1 malocclusion whose mean age was 11.2 years and 69 persons of normal occlusion whose mean age was 12.2 years were utilized as materials. Measurements were recorded, tabulated and statistically analyzed employing the tracings of the lateral cephalograms, then Class II division 1 malocclusion group was divided into 9 Types according to the angle of SNA and SNB for the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla and mandible, another 9 Types according to the FH-NPog and SN-MP for the horizontal and vertical relationship, and the other 9 Types according to the ANB and Wits appraisal for intermaxillary relationship as well, with which was based on Mean+/- 1SD of those of normal occlusion. The result allowed the following conclusion: 1. 37.1 % of population demonstrated maxilla within normal range and retrognathic mandible to the cranial base, 30% for both maxilla and mandible within normal range, 20% for retrognathic maxilla and mandible and 12.9 % of the rest were arranged in Class II division 1 malocclusion groups. 2. Retrognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face accounted for 30.7 %, mesognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for 29.3 %, mesognathic mandible and hyperdivergent face for 16.4 %, retrognathic mandible and neutrodivergent face for 13.6 %, mesognathic mandible and hypodivergent face for 10% of population were computed in Class II division 1 malocclusion groups. 3. It was suggested that skeletal Class II malocclusion might be due to anomaly in size and shape of cranial base, underdevelopment of mandible, retropositioning of mandible, underdevelopment of posterior face against anterior face, or any combination of these factors. 4. Population with underdevelopment and/or retropositioning of the mandible showed hyperdivergent tendency of facial profile. 5. The ANB angle and Wits appraisal did not coincide the severity of anteroposterior dysplasia in 35.7% of Class II division 1 malocclusion group each other, and this inconsistency was suggested to be related with mandibular rotation, inclination of cranial base, and anteroposterior position of the maxilla.
Humans ; Malocclusion* ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Reference Values ; Skull Base

BACKGROUND: Cardiac patients undergoing open heart surgery usually require ventilatory support that involves ICU admission in the postoperative period. We tried to find out determinants of postoperative ventilatory support time. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 56 open heart surgery patients retrospectively in terms of their disease, preoperative physical status, age, post-bypass arterial oxygen tension/inspired oxygen fraction (PaO2/FIO2) ratio, number of inotropics used and searched the relationship between each factor and postoperative intubation time. RESULTS: None of the factors except the number of inotropics used had an significant influence on the postoperative intubation time. CONCLUSION: In open heart surgical patients their disease, preoperative physical status, age, postbypass PaO2/FIO2 ratio do not affect postoperative intubation time rather than number of inotropics used does.
Heart* ; Humans ; Intubation* ; Medical Records ; Oxygen ; Postoperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Thoracic Surgery*

PURPOSE: Oncogene c-erbB2 produces a transmembrane protein similar in structure to the tyrosine kinase family. Overexpression of c-erbB2 is known to lower the survival rate of breast cancer patients. c-erbB2 protein is an important antigen for tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes induction that is dependent on its presentation as stably complexed with HLA-A2. In 1997, Nistico P reported low frequency of c-erbB2 proto-oncogene overexpression in HLA A2 positive breast cancer patients. And then in this study, correlation of HLA-A2 and the c-erbB2 expression was investigated in breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HLA-A DNA typing by locus-specific generic PCR and by hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from 52 breast cancer patients (a PCR-SSOP typing method, involving a PCR amplification in conjunction with digoxigenin labelled sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes). To determine c-erbB2 expression, immunohistochemistry from paraffin-embedded tissues in a series of 47 patients with available tissue blocks was performed by use of rabbit anti-human c-erbB2 oncoprotein (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark). And then we statistically analyzed the relation between the expressions of HLA-A2 and c-erbB2 in breast cancer patients. RESULTS: 29 out of 52 patients (55.8%) were HLA-A2 positive. 23.4% (11out of 47 patients) of breast cancer patients overexpressed c-erbB2. The patients with c-erbB2 overexpression showed lower estrogen receptor positivity compared to those without c-erbB2 overexpression (10.5%, vs 33.3%). HLA-A2 positive patients showed 18.5% (5/27) of overexpression and HLA-A2 negative patients showed 30.0% (6/20) of c-erbB2 overexpression (p=0.283). CONCLUSIONS: We observed no correlation between HLA-A2 and prognostic factors in breast cancer such as tumor size, axillary nodal status. However, our results showed a tendency without statistical significance between HLA-A2 and high frequency of c-erbB2 overexpression. More accumulation of patients will be needed for better conclusions.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Digoxigenin ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Estrogens ; HLA-A Antigens ; HLA-A2 Antigen* ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphocytes ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oncogenes ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Statistics as Topic ; Survival Rate ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

No abstract available.
Adenoma* ; Hyperaldosteronism*

PURPOSE: To determine whether intracellular localization of intravenously injected infection specific MoAb can be localized in the infected cells, immunohistochemical staining was obtained in animals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One mg of intact mouse MoAb against mwobacteria (group I, n=10) and F(ab')2 (group II, n=6) were intravenously injected to the rabbits of each groups infected with M. tuberculosis H37RV. Immunohistochemical staining using an anti-mouse antibody was obtained at the 1,3, 5, 7 and 8th days in Group I and at the 1, 2, 3rd days in group II by streptavidin biotin method. For the control study, I mg of non specific polyclonal human IgG (group III, n=10) and 100 microgram of normal rabbit IgG F(ab')2 (group IV, n=6) were injected to the rabbits and guinea pigs respectively. RESULTS: Both groups (group I & II) showed a positive Ag-Ab reaction within the cytoplasm of monocytes. A weak but positive reaction was observed intracellularly in group III, however no positive reaction in group IV. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest intracellular Ag-Ab reaction plays an important role in the localization of infection by immunoscintigraphy using a specific MoAb fragments.
Animals ; Biotin ; Cytoplasm ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Mice ; Monocytes ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Rabbits ; Streptavidin ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary*

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) strategy is proposed to reduce the ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As ECMO use has increased, a number of studies on prognostic factors have been published. Age is estimated to be an important prognostic factor. However, clinical evidences about ECMO use in elderly patients are limited. Therefore, we investigated clinical courses and outcomes of ECMO in elderly patients with ARDS. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of patients with severe ARDS who required ECMO support. Study patients were classified into an elderly group (> or = 65 years) and a non-elderly group (< 65 years). Baseline characteristics, ECMO related outcomes and associated factors were retrospectively analyzed according to group. RESULTS: From February 2011 to June 2013, a total of 31 patients with severe ARDS were treated with ECMO. Overall, 14 (45.2%) were weaned from ECMO, 9 (29.0%) survived to the general ward and 7 (22.6%) survived to discharge. Among the 18 elderly group patients, 7 (38.9%) were weaned from ECMO, 4 (22.2%) were survived to the general ward and 2 (11.1%) were survived to discharge. Overall intensive care unit survival was inversely correlated with concomitant acute kidney injury or septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, ECMO outcome was poor in severe ARDS patients aged over 65 years. Therefore, the routine use of ECMO in elderly patients with severe ARDS is not warranted except in highly selective cases.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Aged* ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Medical Records ; Patients' Rooms ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult* ; Retrospective Studies ; Shock, Septic ; Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

The aim of this study is to review the protective effect of a bicycle helmet on each facial location systematically. PubMed was searched for articles published before December 12, 2014. The data were summarized, and the odds ratio (OR) between the locations of facial injury was calculated. A statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager (The Nordic Cochrane Centre). Bicycle helmets protect the upper and middle face from serious facial injury but do not protect the lower face. Non-wearers had significantly increased risks of upper facial injury (OR, 2.07; P<0.001) and of middle facial injury (OR, 1.97; P<0.001) as compared to helmet users. In the case of lower facial injury, however, only a slightly increased risk (OR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.67-3.00, P=0.36) was observed. The abovementioned results can be attributed to the fact that a helmet covers the head and forehead but cannot cover the lower face. However, helmets having a chin cap might decrease the risk of lower facial injury.
Bicycling ; Chin ; Facial Injuries* ; Forehead ; Head ; Head Protective Devices* ; Odds Ratio

Toxic epidermal necrolysis(TEN) is a severe drug induced life-threatening disease and an acute illness. This disease is characterized by rapid onset of widespread necrosis resulting in sloughing of epidermis. The incidence of TEN is very rare, with approximately 0.5 to 1.4 cases per million per year. but TEN has a high mortality rate of 25-40 percent. Therapy for TEN is primarily aimed at supportive care. Treatment with systemic corticosteroid, immunosuppresive agent such as cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, pentoxifyllin or plasmapheresis have not been shown to improve outcome. Recently, administration of high dose intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) has been shown to result in rapid improvement in patients with TEN. There have been several reports of the benefit of IVIG in adult patients with TEN. However we could not find using IVIG in pediatric patient with TEN in Korea. We have experienced improvement in a 2 years old boy with TEN after using high dose IVIG.
Adult ; Child ; Child, Preschool* ; Cyclophosphamide ; Cyclosporine ; Epidermis ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins* ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male* ; Mortality ; Necrosis ; Plasmapheresis ; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome*

PURPOSE: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a dual role in apoptosis and in proapoptotic responses in the support of survival in a variety of cells. The aim of this study was to determine the function of TGF-beta1 in bladder cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The role of TGF-beta1 in bladder cancer cells was examined by observing cell viability by using the tetrazolium dye (MTT) assay after treating the bladder cancer cell lines 253J, 5637, T24, J82, HT1197, and HT1376 with TGF-beta1. Among these cell lines, the 253J and T24 cell lines were coincubated with TGF-beta1 and the pan anti-TGF-beta antibody. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis was performed to determine the mechanism involved after TGF-beta1 treatment in 253J cells. RESULTS: All six cell lines showed inhibited cellular growth after TGF-beta1 treatment. Although the T24 and J82 cell lines also showed inhibited cellular growth, the growth inhibition was less than that observed in the other 4 cell lines. The addition of pan anti-TGF-beta antibodies to the culture media restored the growth properties that had been inhibited by TGF-beta1. FACS analysis was performed in the 253J cells and the 253J cells with TGF-beta1. There were no significant differences in the cell cycle between the two treatments. However, there were more apoptotic cells in the TGF-beta1-treated 253J cells. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-beta1 did not stimulate cellular proliferation but was a growth inhibitory factor in bladder cancer cells. However, the pattern of its effects depended on the cell line. TGF-beta1 achieved growth inhibition by enhancing the level of apoptosis.
Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects/pathology ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Separation/methods ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods ; Flow Cytometry/methods ; Humans ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/*pathology