No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Medical Services*

No abstract available.
Disaster Medicine* ; Disasters*

Normal albino rats weighing 180-200 gm were used for a series of this investigation on change of skin mast cell under general and local anesthesia. At first, left side abdominal skin was prepared by hair cutting with scissors about 3cm square and eight irritations by mean of biting with tip of forceps mosquito were applied along the prepared skin margin. Skin specimens were submitted from central area which surrounded by irritated points and also from intact contra-lateral area in 15, 30, 60 and l20 minutes invervals. Submiitted skin specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, then were stained with 1% toluidine blue. The number of mast cell was counted under 450X of microscopic examination. CONCLUSION l. There were two stages in changes of skin tissue mast cell number on normal saline solution injected area and irritated area by mean of biting with tip of forceps without any types of anesthesia. i) Decreasing stage: Number of skin tissue mast cell was decreascd and reached to the lowest level at 30 minutes after each irritation. ii) Increasing stage: Number of skin tissue mast cell was increased to the highest level at 120 minutes after each irritation. 2. General ether anesthesia could not infIuence on the change of mast cell number after mechanical biting irritation. 3, Local anesthesia with 2% procaine hydrochloride solution revealed slightly suppressing effect to increasing number of mast cell at 60 and 120 minutes after mechanical irritation. Hnwever, it was not evidence at 15 and 30 minutes after mechanical irritation. 4. There was no significant change of rnast cell number in the intact contralateraI skin area within 120 minutes under gencral and local anesthesia. 5. The number of degranulated mast cells did not correlated with counted total number of mast cells.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Local ; Animals ; Cell Count ; Culicidae ; Ether ; Formaldehyde ; Hair ; Mast Cells* ; Procaine ; Rats ; Skin ; Sodium Chloride ; Surgical Instruments ; Tolonium Chloride

No abstract available.
Disaster Medicine* ; Disasters* ; Railroads*

Allografts ; Animals ; Bone Matrix ; Calcium ; Hot Temperature ; Osteogenesis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Ultrasonics

No abstract available.
Adolescent* ; Child* ; Humans ; Periodicals* ; Suicide*

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Encephalitis* ; Female* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Cheek*

PURPOSE: Conventional intravenous nutrition has been given as a solution of amino acids combined with dextrose and a separate line delivering a lipid emulsion. This technique was unsatisfactory, however, because of difficulties in managing technical and metabolic complications. Since the first clinical use of a single solution containing all the necessary nutrients was introduced in 1976, the total nutrient admixture (TNA) system has been used. However, despite the numerous advantages of this TNA system, it has not been used worldwide because of an assumption about unstability of this admixture. This study was conducted to compare the physical stability of TNA systems using two different 2 commercially available amino acid solutions and fat emulsions. METHODS: Each group contained 600 ml of 20% dextrose, 250 ml of 10% amino acid solution, 250 ml of 10% fat emulsion, 0.2 ml of heparin, and 20 ml of electrolyte solution was investigated for 7 days while being stored 4oC and at ambient temperature. The stabilities of these admixtures were compared by noting changes in macroscopic appearance, pH, osmolarity, Zeta-potential, peroxide value, particle size and distribution, and fat composition. RESULTS: When an amino acid solution containing P 2 was used, a supernatant yellow band was observed from the 3rd day at ambient temperature. The pH and peroxide value also showed significant changes, but these changes did not exceed the product-specifications. When an amino acid solution without P 2 was used, no significant change was observed. CONCLUSION: TNA systems are physically stable at 4oC temperature for at least 7 days, but TNA systems prepared with amino acid solution containing P 2 are not stable at ambient temperature from the 3rd day. On the other hand, TNA systems prepared with an amino acid solution without P 2 are stable at ambient temperature for 7 days. Various commercially available fat emulsions containing 10% soybean oil did not affect the stability of TNA systems.
Amino Acids ; Emulsions ; Glucose ; Hand ; Heparin ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Osmolar Concentration ; Parenteral Nutrition ; Particle Size ; Soybean Oil