A histopathological study was performed on nevus sebaceus to observe its aging effect based on 75 cases of neuvs sebaceus those were collected during the past 10 years from three university hospitals in Seoul. The results are as follows: 1) Clinical findings The incidence was most frequent in the teenage group. The 75 cases consisted of 41 males and 34 females with a sex ratio of 1.2:1. Most of cases developed in the head and neck areas with 62.7% on the scalp and 29.3% on the face. 2) Histopathologic findings. The epidermal changes such as acanthosis(40%), papillomatosis(73%), hypergranulosis(44%) were most remarkable in the second decade and gradually decreased with aging. The apparent proliferation of sebaceous gland was observed in 73% and it was most prominent in the second decade. Apocrine glands were absent before the first decade but apparently increased after then. Proliferation of eccrine gland was not significant in all the age groups. Mild increase of immature hair follicles were noted in 49% of our cases with gradually decreasing tendency in the older age. The dermal inflammatory infiltrates were noted from the 2nd decade(28%) and thereafter gradually increased. Associated neoplasms were one apocrine adenoma, one sebaceous adenoma, two trichilemmomas and two arteriovenous hemangiomas. The majority of tumors occured in the third decade. Therefore, it is observed that neuvs sebaceous undergoes dynamic histopathologic changes according to the age of patient and later develop various secondary neoplastic changes. The pathogenesis of the nevus sebaceus is suggested to be closely related with developmental anomalies of primitive hair germ units in fetal stage.
Adolescent ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence

We conducted this cohort analytic study to determine whether women with unexplained elevations of maternal serum hCG at 15-18 weeks' gestation are at increased risk for pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. The inclusion criteria were a singleton gestation, a confirmed gestational age, and an hCG level greater than 2.0 multiples of the median (MoM). The exclusion criteria were fetal anomalies, an abnormal karyotype, molar pregnancy, and an MSAFP level greater than 2.5 multiples of the median (MoM). A group of randomly selected women with hCG levels under 2.0 MoM served as controls. Patients with elevated levels of hCG had a significantly higher risk for PIH (17.9% versus 4.5%; P <.05) and preterm delivery (17.9% versus 3.5%; P<, 05) than control. But no significant differences were observed in the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight and in the newborn weight. We suggested that pregnancies with unexplained elevated hCG levels should be regarded as high-risk pregnancies. And these patients require careful monitoring with adequate obstetric management.
Abnormal Karyotype ; Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans* ; Hydatidiform Mole ; Incidence ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; Pregnancy Outcome* ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnancy, High-Risk

Background: Studies on prevalence and social variables affecting postpartum depression appear to be inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of postpartum depression, as well as the correlation between education, offspring, age, and risk of the postpartum depression. Methods: This study included 144 mothers living in Chungju who appeared to experience postpartum depression based on a score of >10 marks on the Korean version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Correlation and logistic regression analyses were used to calculate correlation coefficients and odds ratios (OR) for postpartum depression based on the education level of mothers and number of offspring. Results: Prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 29.17%. Age was not significantly correlated with EPDS score. EPDS scores tended to decrease with the increase in the number of education years (OR, 0.66); however, EPDS scores tended to increase with the increase in the number of offspring increased (OR, 1.65). Conclusion The result of this study demonstrates that education acts as a protective factor and number of offspring acts as a risk factor for postpartum depression. It also suggests that proper intervention in the mothers’ educational level and number of offspring is necessary.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to identify differences between people with narcolepsy and the normal control of delta and theta activity using electroencephalogram (EEG) spectrum analysis of nocturnal polysomnography (PSG). METHODS: Seven narcolepsy patients and seven age-sex matched normal controls underwent PSG and multiple sleep latency tests. Participants' non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep EEGs in PSG was analyzed using a Fast Fourier Transform technique. RESULTS: While NREM delta activity of people with narcolepsy declined during the first three periods of NREM, there was no change during the 4th period of NREM. The increase in NREM theta activity also lasted until the 3rd period of NREM but did not occur during the 4th period of NREM. In comparing sleep parameters, REM sleep latency in the narcolepsy group was significantly shorter than in controls. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that people with narcolepsy are likely to have a delta and theta activity-related sleep disturbance mechanism in NREM sleep.
Electroencephalography ; Eye Movements ; Fourier Analysis ; Humans ; Narcolepsy* ; Polysomnography* ; Sleep, REM ; Spectrum Analysis

The purpose of this study is to provide a fundamental basis for defining measures to prevent suicide by specifically examining the relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption, which is thought to be a key factor in suicide. This study reviewed 426 suicide autopsies diagnosed by the department of forensic medicine, National Forensic Service (2007-2009) and analyzed the preliminary data on variables such as gender, age, and cause of death, with particular focus on the relationship between these variables and blood alcohol concentration. The relationship between each variable and alcohol consumption was as follows. First, alcohol was present in 48.4% of suicides. Second, blood alcohol concentration wrere twice as high in women as in men. Third, the relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption was greater in people in their 30s and 40s. The correlation between suicide and alcohol intake was evident this age group. These results are more specific and practical than the results of previous studies on the correlation between suicide and alcohol intake. The results of this study will help define measures to facilitate suicide prevention as an important reference and may eventually help lower the suicide rate in Korea.
Alcohol Drinking ; Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Drinking ; Female ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Suicide

OBJECTIVES: This study was attempted to identify the relationship between white blood cell counts and the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: This study included 394 adults who visited the medical checkup center placed in Gwangju, January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008. Index of blood test and physical checkup were performed on the study such as triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, fasting sugar and white blood cell counts. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between white blood cell counts, white blood cell differential count and metabolic syndrome with an adjustment age and smoking status. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome was 25.3% among males and 13.3% among females, and was particularly high among males in their 40s. The increase in white blood cell counts lead to high prevalence of metabolic syndrome for both males and females. As white blood cell counts increased, the values of body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors were increased significantly. The odds ratio for elevated white blood cell counts increased significantly in the subjects with each components of the metabolic syndrome compared to the subjects without them, The lymphocyte counts in the white blood cell differential counts were higher in patients with metabolic syndrome than in those without. CONCLUSIONS: High level of white blood cell counts in normal range can be used as indicator in chronic inflammation. Increased white blood cell counts were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome.
Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Fasting ; Female ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes ; Logistic Models ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Reference Values ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

PURPOSE: The committee on trauma of the american college of surgeons, in its manual resources for optimal care of the injured patients involved in falls from less than 20 feet need not be taken to trauma centers. Because triage criteria dictate less urgency for low-level falls, this classification scheme has demerits for early detection and treatment of serious problems in the emergency room. METHODS: A prospective analysis was conducted of 182 patients treated for fall-related trauma from June 2003 to March 2004. Falls were classified as group A (<3 m), group B (> or =3 m, <6 m), and group C (> or =6 m). Collected data included the patient's age, gender, site and height of fall, surface fallen upon, body area of first impact, body regions of injuries, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and Injury Severity Score (ISS). RESULTS: The 182 patients were classified as group A (105) 57.7%, group B (61) 33.5%, and group C (16) 8.8%. There was a weak positive correlation between the height of fall and the patients'ISS in the three groups (p<0.001). There were significant differences in GCS (p=0.017), RTS (p=0.034), and ISS (p=0.007) between group A and B. In cases that the head was the initial impact area of the body, the GCS (p<0.001) and the RTS (p=0.002) were lower, but the ISS (p<0.001) was higher than it was for other type of injuries. Hard surfaces as an impact surface type, had an influence on the GCS (p<0.001) and the ISS (p=0.025). CONCLUSION: To simply categorize patients who fall over 6 meters as severely injured patients doesn't have much meaning, and though patients may have fallen less than 6 meters, they should be categorized by using the dynamics (impact surface type, initial body-impact area) of their fall.
Body Regions ; Classification ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Foot ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Head ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Prospective Studies ; Trauma Centers ; Triage

There are various surgical techniques in repairing Ebstein anomaly, but residual tricuspid regurgitation and compromized right heart function may ensue in some cases. We report our clinical experience of Ebstein anomaly and atrial flutter in a 19-year-old male patient who underwent simple modified tricuspid annuloplasty, bi-directional cavopulmonary shunt and cryoablation of cavotricuspid isthmus.
Atrial Flutter ; Cryosurgery ; Ebstein Anomaly* ; Heart ; Heart Bypass, Right ; Humans ; Male ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency ; Young Adult

There are various surgical techniques in repairing Ebstein anomaly, but residual tricuspid regurgitation and compromized right heart function may ensue in some cases. We report our clinical experience of Ebstein anomaly and atrial flutter in a 19-year-old male patient who underwent simple modified tricuspid annuloplasty, bi-directional cavopulmonary shunt and cryoablation of cavotricuspid isthmus.
Atrial Flutter ; Cryosurgery ; Ebstein Anomaly* ; Heart ; Heart Bypass, Right ; Humans ; Male ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency ; Young Adult

Tibolone, a selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator, is a synthetic steroid with distinct pharmacological and clinical characteristics in contrast to conventional menopausal hormone therapy. Tibolone induces estrogenic activity in the brain, vagina, and bone but remains inactive in the endometrium and breast. In particular, several studies have investigated whether tibolone usage increases the risk of breast cancer. This study aims to determine the effects of tibolone on the breast by focusing on the relation between tibolone use and breast cancer. Our investigation emphasizes recent studies, particularly those based on Asian populations.