The purpose of this study was to compare the bracket placement and the shear bond strength of indirect-bonded brackets with those of direct-bonded ones. Forty eight extracted human teeth were collected and attached with brackets and tested on shear bond strength, using Instron. Fourteen patients from Wonkwang University Dental Hospital were selected for direct bonding of brackets and their teeth were measured on bracket angulation and bracket height. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The shear bond strengths of incisors were higher in direct-bonding,group, rather than in-direct-bonding group. But, the shear bond strength of premolars showed no significant differences between groups. 2. The bracket angulations of indirect-bonding group were preciser than those of direct-bonding group, especially in upper first premolars, lower lateral incisors, canines, premolars. 3. In bracket height, there were no significant differences between groups.
Bicuspid ; Humans ; Incisor ; Shear Strength* ; Tooth

PURPOSE: It was noted some changes of clinical manifestations of mycoplasma pneumonia. we reviewed and compared these changes and saught any clues causes for proper dignosis and treatment. METHODS: We divided patients with mycoplasma pneumonia into two groups, Group 1 (from Jan. to Dec. 1996) and Group 2 (from Jan. to Dec. 1994), and analyzed clinical, radiologic, and serologic differences. RESULTS: Mean age of onset lowered markedly from was 8.34 +/- 2.56 years to 6.91 +/- 3.28 years (P<0.05). In clinical symptoms, high fever lasted longer and gastrointestinal symptoms were more frequent noted group 1. Serologically, high titers of mycoplasma-specific antibody (>1 : 1280) were more frequently observed in group 1 and correlated with severity of clinical manifestations. In radiologic findings, alveolar consolidation were significantly prominent findings in Group (P<0.05). The mean period of response to Roxithromycin was not difference between two groups but longer lasting fever (> or = 3 days) in spite of medication were more prevalent in Group 1 (P<0.05), suggesting increased cases of diminished responsiveness to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Recently, there was some clinical changes of mycoplasma pneumonia, lowering of onset age, severe clinical symptoms, and more decreased responsiveness to antibiotic treatment. We suggest that it is to neccessary to make some efforts to prevent antibiotics abuse and to decrease the occurrence of resistant strains by introducing of new method for early diagnosis, selective identification of micro-organism and minute sensitivity test for antibiotics.
Age of Onset ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Early Diagnosis ; Fever ; Humans ; Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Roxithromycin

The purpose of this study is to review the clinical and pathological features of pseudomembranous colitis in Korea. Ten cases of psedomembranous colitis, which were diagnosed by sigmoidoscopy and biopsy at the Seoul National University Hospital from May 1982 to occtober 1985, were analyzed in terms of the age and sex distribution, underlying diseases, presumptive causative antimicrobials, symptomatology, involved site and tratment. 1) The disease was more prevalent above sixth decade with a slight preponderance on the female. 2) The underlying diseases of the patients were the uterine cervix cancer in 3 cases and one case each of the nasal polyp, cataract, degenerative arthritis, tuberculous gradmuloma, SLE with menngitis, CVA and gingival abscess. 3) As for the presumptive causative drugs, cephalosporin were assaciated in 6 cases, aminoglycoside m 7 cases, penlcillin in 3 cases, Bactrim in 3 cases, antituberculosis drugs in 1 case and anticancer drugs in 1 case. 4) As for the anatotmical distribution of the lesion, the rectum was involved in 5 cases, the rectum and sigmoid colon in 4 cases and up to the descending colon in 1 case. 5) All the cases were cured by medical treatment. In 5 cases, discontinuation of the antimicrobial drugs and supportive care only were effective and in other 5 cases, vancamycin and/or metronidazole together vrith cholestyramine were added to the regimen.
Abscess ; Biopsy ; Cataract ; Cervix Uteri ; Cholestyramine Resin ; Colitis ; Colon, Descending ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Metronidazole ; Nasal Polyps ; Osteoarthritis ; Rectum ; Seoul ; Sex Distribution ; Sigmoidoscopy ; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Neonatal ascites is an uncommon problem with many etiologies. The common causes include hematologic diseases, bowel perforation, obstructive uropathy, cardiovascular diseases, chylous ascites, intrauterine infection, and meconium peritonitis. Recently, the wide application of sonography has greatly narrowed the list of differential diagnosis of neonatal ascites. Meconium peritonitis is readily diagnosed if calcification in the abdomen or scrotum can be seen radiologically or sonographically in a neonate with abdominal distension at birth. We report a case of generalized meconium peritonitis without intraabdominal calcification by radiologic and sonographic study and notable meconium hydrocele at birth.
Abdomen ; Ascites ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Chylous Ascites ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hematologic Diseases ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Meconium* ; Parturition ; Peritonitis* ; Scrotum ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The clinical findings of early neonatal hypocalcemia are variable and it is difficult to find relationship between the symptoms and hypocalcemia due to complex causes. The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between early neonatal hypocalcemia and clinical manifestations and to propose a guideline for appropriate treatment of early neonatal hypocalcemia, especially in asymptomatic cases. METHODS: Study subjects were all sick babies admitted to nursery and NICU and randornly selected 43 healthy babies at Sun General Hospital from January 1996 to December 1996. We examined serum calcium level within 72 hours after birth. Then we evaluated prospectively clinical findings according to each disease category in hypocalcemic cases and analysed the relationship of time course of clinical findings with hypocalcemia and compared serum calcium concentration followed by each therapy after 3 days. RESULTS: The results were as follows. 1) The incidence of early neonatal hypocalcernia was high in premature infants, low birth weight infants, infants with neonatal asphyxia, hyaline membrane disease and transient tachypnea. 2) Tremor, seizure, apnea, dyspnea, abdominal distension, cyanosis, and vomiting were frequently presented symptoms in early neonatal hypocalcemia. 3) In the cases of early hypocalcemia with symptoms, these symptoms persisted continuously after norrnalization of serum calcium concentration. 4) Among asymptomatic hypocalcernic group, mean serum calcium levels changed from 6.7 mg/dL to 8.7 mg/dL in 23 cases of no treatment, from 5.4 mg/dL to 10.3 mg/dL in 4 cases of calcium gluconate infusion, and from 6.3 mg/dL to 8.7 mg/dL in 7 cases of feeding low phosphorus containing milk. None persisted in hypocalcemic state irrespective of treatment methods. CONCLUSION: It is difficult to regard these symptoms as a rule to treatment because these symptoms were present after normalizaton of serum calcium concentration. In addition, asymptomatic hypocalcemia was improved shortly without any treatment without any problem. We conclude that for asymptomatic hypocalcemia, withholding dangerous calcium gluconate infusion would be perrnissible.
Apnea ; Asphyxia ; Calcium ; Calcium Gluconate ; Cyanosis ; Dyspnea ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hyaline Membrane Disease ; Hypocalcemia* ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Milk ; Nurseries ; Parturition ; Phosphorus ; Prospective Studies ; Seizures ; Solar System ; Tachypnea ; Tremor ; Vomiting

Guillain-Barr syndrome is rarely complicated by hypertension, which has been ascribed to sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. We report a 11 years old female with Guillain-Barr syndrome complicated by persistent hypertension associated with elevated renin-angiotensin. So we report this case with brief review of related literatures.
Child ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Sympathetic Nervous System

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine effect of incivility, resilience, and social support experienced by nursing students on burnout in clinical practice. METHODS: Subjects were 140 nursing students who agreed to participate in this study. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS WIN 23.0 program. RESULTS: Burnout showed significantly positive correlation with incivility but significantly negative correlations with resilience and social support. Factors affecting burnout were satisfaction with major-dissatisfaction, satisfaction with major-average, social support, grade, and relationship with peers. Satisfaction with major (dissatisfaction) had the greatest effect on burnout, explaining 41% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: According to this study, dissatisfaction with major was identified as the most significant factor influencing burnout of nursing students in clinical practice. Therefore, it is important to develop and implement programs that can reduce dissatisfaction with major and increase social support and relationship with peers in order to lower burnout of nursing students. In addition, a systemic management of fourth-grade students with a high level of clinical practice is necessary to reduce the level of clinical practice. The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Conflict of Interest ; Humans ; Nursing ; Resilience, Psychological ; Students, Nursing

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate senior baccalaureate nursing students’ knowledge and visual differentiation ability for the pressure injury classification system (PICS) and incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a paper-based questionnaire with 120 senior baccalaureate nursing students in South Korea. Data were collected using a knowledge test (KT) and a visual differentiation tool (VDT) based on 21 photographs with clinical information related to PICS and IAD. Results: Students had relatively high KT scores (62.6%), and low VDT scores (35.6%). Critical issues in this study were nursing students’ lack of an adequate visual differentiation ability to accurately assess the stage of pressure injury and IAD and their higher level of confusion in identifying unstageable, deep tissue injuries, and IAD compared to stage 1-4 injuries. Satisfaction with education (r=.20, p<.05) and exposure to various teaching methods (r=.21, p<.05) exhibited significant correlations with higher VDT scores. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that increasing students’ satisfaction with their education and applying various teaching methods can contribute to the improvement of visual differentiation ability in PICS.

PURPOSE: Throat culture for streptococcal pharyngitis is a gold standard to diagnose, but it may be misleading to interpret due to the carriers. The isolation rates of beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) and Streptococcus pyogenes in the school children in Chinju were investigated and compared with those of Kangwon, Chungnam and Seoul previously reported. METHODS: Throat cultures were taken from the healthy 476 elementary school children who had no symptoms or signs of upper respiratory tract infection in April 1995, and the beta-hemolytic streptococci were identified with bacitracin disk (0.04 U) and latex agglutination. RESULTS: One-hundred fifty-four (32.4%) yielded BHS and 88 (18.5%) had S. pyogenes. The serogrouping revealed 30 (6.7%) group G, 24 (5.0%) group C, 4 (0.8%) group B, and 8 (1.7%) non-group A,B,C,G respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The isolation rate of BHS in Chinju was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the results of Kangwon, Chungnam and Seoul. The identification of BHS was also different from the other areas. In addition to these bacteriologic investigation, the study should be followed whether these carriers were simple contact ones or suffered from asymptomatic infections, and the epidemiologic study using serotyping, such as M or T typing, is necessary.
Agglutination ; Asymptomatic Infections ; Bacitracin ; Child* ; Chungcheongnam-do* ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Gangwon-do* ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Humans ; Latex ; Pharyngitis ; Pharynx* ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Seoul* ; Serotyping ; Streptococcus pyogenes

Increases of neutrophils and osteoclasts are pathological changes of periodontitis. RANKL is an osteoclast differentiation factor. The effect of periodontopathogen LPS on RANKL-expressing neutrophils has not been clarified yet. We evaluated numerical changes of RANKL-expressing neutrophils in air pouches of mice injected with LPSs of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mice with air pouches were assigned into saline (C)-, E. coli LPS- (Ec LPS)-, F. nucleatum LPS (Fn LPS)-, P. gingivalis LPS (Pg LPS)-, and Fn LPS and Pg LPS (Fn + Pg LPS)-injected groups. CD11b +Ly6G + neutrophils and CD11b +Ly6G+RANKL + neutrophils in blood and air pouch exudates were determined by flow cytometry. In blood, compared to the C group, the Fn LPS group showed increases of CD11b +Ly6G + neutrophils and CD11b +Ly6G +RANKL + neutrophils whereas the Pg LPS group showed no significant differences. These increases in the Fn LPS group were not different to those in the Ec LPS group. In exudates, Fn LPS and Pg LPS groups showed increases of CD11b +Ly6G + neutrophils and CD11b +Ly6G +RANKL + neutrophils compared to the C group. Increased levels in the Fn LPS group were not different to those in the Ec LPS group, but Pg LPS group was lower than those in the Ec LPS group. In blood and exudates, the Fn+ Pg LPS group showed no difference in levels of these neutrophils compared to the Ec LPS group. LPSs of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis increased RANKL-expressing neutrophils although the degrees of increases were different. These suggest that periodontopathogen LPS can act as a stimulant to increase RANKL-expressing neutrophils.