PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the health behaviors by a risk level of metabolic syndrome (MS) among petty merchants in traditional markets. METHODS: The data were collected through questionnaires and physical examination on abdominal circumstance, triglyceride, HDL, blood pressure, and FBS of 177 subjects in S city, Korea. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi2-test (or fisher's exact test) and ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 15.8%, and risk group was 72.9%. The abdominal circumstance and triglyceride levels were higher in MS group than those of the risk group and normal group. The HDL and systolic blood pressure levels were also higher in MS group than those of the normal group. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MS and risk groups was high among petty merchants in traditional markets. However, these merchants did not practice health behaviors nor take institutional health management benefit. Therefore, governmental level community based health management services are requested for them.
Blood Pressure ; Health Behavior ; Korea ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: To understand the relationship between monthly household income and number of remaining teeth as an indicator of oral health, and to find the differences between middle-aged and older people in this respect. METHODS: This study was conducted on data extracted from the Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, which surveyed all Korean citizens in 2012. From these data, data of 4502 people about 40 years of age who completed the questionnaires and examination survey were selected and analyzed. This study investigated the main factors affecting the remaining teeth, and analyzed the moderating effect of age on the relationship between income level and remaining teeth. RESULTS: The average number of remaining teeth was 25.17 for middle-aged people and 15.95 for older people, which was significantly different. The number of remaining teeth for middle-aged people showed a significant relationship with income level, education level, and smoking habit. The number of remaining teeth in older people was related to the same factors, along with an additional factor of whether or not they underwent oral examinations. From the interaction analysis conducted to find the moderating effect of age on the relationship between the number of remaining teeth and income level, the number of remaining teeth was more affected by income level in older people than in middle-aged people. CONCLUSIONS: Income level was strongly related to oral health, particularly in older people. Therefore, it can be concluded that an oral health promotion policy is necessary for low-income people, particularly those in the older age group.
Diagnosis, Oral ; Education ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Oral Health ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tooth*

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine prevalence of potential heterogeneous vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (h-VRSA) among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated in Korea by using Mu-3 agar and to determine the effect of in vitro vancomycin exposure on the resistance. METHODS: MRSAs isolated in 1980-1999 were screened for the presence of VISA or h-VRSA using Mu-3 agar. MIC of vancomycin was tested by NCCLS agar dilution and broth microdilution tests. Suspected h-VRSA were selected by vancomycin-containing media and change of resistance was determined by population analysis. A strain with Mu50 type growth was serially exposed to 8 pg/ml of vancomycin containing media and change of the vancomycin resistance was determined. RESULTS: Among the 455 MRSA isolates, 18 (3.9 %) grew on selective brain heart infusion agar (BHIA), and 354 (77,8%) on Mu-3 agar, 66 (14.5%) with Mu3 type growth and 78 (17.1%) with Mu50 type growth. MIC of vancomycin was 11 pg/ml for some of the isolates when inocula were approximately 10' CFU, but VISA was not present when tested by NCCLS broth microdilution test. Exposure of the isolates to van-cornycin raised the MIC. Serial exposure once to 8 pg/ml of vancomycin resulted in significant decrease of cells susceptible to 8-12 pg/ml of vancomycin. CONCLUSION: VISA was not present among the test isolates, but 34.2% were suspected to be potential h-VRSAs, suggesting possible emergence of VISA if vancomycin was administered prolonged period. It is considered that suitable screening media are vancomycin containing BHIA for VISA and Mu-3 agar for h-VRSA. The isolates showing Mu50 type growth on Mu-3 agar are not always VISA, but rather h-VRSA.
Agar* ; Brain ; Heart ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Prevalence ; Staphylococcus aureus* ; Staphylococcus* ; Vancomycin Resistance ; Vancomycin*

PURPOSE: Acute lower respiratory tract infections(LRIs) are an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Causes of acute LRI in infants and children include bacteria, mycoplasma and respiratory viruses. Understanding of the epidemiology, etiology and clinical features of acute viral LRI is essential to improve the methods of prevention, diagnosis and management of these infections. METHODS: Viral etiologic agents and clinical features of acute viral LRI were studied from November 1990 through April 1994 in apparently healthy children. Nasal aspirates were collected from 334 children, who visited or admitted to Seoul National University Hospital due to acute LRI. Viral agents were detected by virus isolation and/or antigen detection by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Medical records of children with proven viral LRIs were reviewe retrospectively. RESULTS: 1) One or more viral agents were identified in 162 cases(48.45%). 2) The pathogens identified were RSV(54.6%), adenovirus(12.8%), parainfluenza virus type 3(12.1%), influenza A virus(8.5%), parainfluenza virus type 1(5.7%), influenza B virus(1.4%), parainfluenza type 2(1.4%) and mixed(two) viruses(3.5%). 3) Mean age was 15 months and acute viral LRIs occurred mostly in the first two years of life(82%). 4) Clinical patterns of viral LRI were pneumonia(45%), bronchiolitis(32%), croup(13%) and tracheobronchitis(2.1%). 5) Forty-three percents of febrile patients had fever of 39 degrees C or more and 44.5% had fever for 5 days or more. 6) Leukocytosis and increased CRP(more than 3+) were detected in 23% and 16%, respectively. 7) The major radiologic features are parahilar peribronchial infiltration, overaeration and consolidation. CONCLUSIONS: We studied the etiologic agents and clinical features of acute viral LRI in apparently healthy children, the results of which may be helpful to the clinicians and further studies are needed for prevention and treatment of acute viral LRI.
Adenoviridae ; Bacteria ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Fever ; Humans ; Infant ; Influenza, Human ; Leukocytosis ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Mycoplasma ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; Respiratory System* ; Respiratory Tract Infections* ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of male middle school students'eating school breakfast on their attitudes toward breakfast and school breakfast. In addition, the effect of school breakfast on breakfast-related eating behaviors and academic achievement was investigated. The study subjects were selected from a male middle school located in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Breakfast was provided at the school for 7 weeks during the 2nd semester of the year 2006. Two sophomore classes were selected for the experimental study. All the students from one class (n = 34; School Breakfast Eaters) have eaten school breakfast while none of the students from the other class (n = 33; School Breakfast Non-eaters) have done so. About two weeks after the school breakfast service was terminated, questionnaires were distributed to the two classes and the responses were analyzed. The results showed that School Breakfast Eaters had more positive attitudes toward breakfast and school breakfast than School Breakfast Non-eaters. In addition, School Breakfast Eaters perceived the positive effect of eating breakfast on their school life more highly than School Breakfast Non-eaters. However there was no significant difference between the two groups in their breakfast eating behaviors in terms of breakfast skipping when the breakfast service was not available. No significant difference was found between the two groups with regards to math score variation before and after school breakfast service. In conclusion, school breakfast for 7 weeks had positive effects on male middle school students'attitudes toward breakfast and school breakfast, although the effect was not confirmed in their breakfast-related eating behaviors after the school breakfast service was terminated.
Achievement ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Republic of Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.

PURPOSE: To assess efficacy of the Pentacam (PTC) and the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AOCT) for detection of occludable angles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourty-one eyes with gonioscopically diagnosed occludable angles and 32 normal open-angle eyes were included. Anterior chamber angle (ACA) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured with PTC and AOCT. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for each parameter and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. RESULTS: Values of ACA and ACD measured by PTC and AOCT were similar not only in normal open angle eyes but also in occludable angle eyes. For detection of occludable angle, the AUCs of PTC with ACA and ACD were 0.935 and 0.969, respectively. The AUCs of AOCT with ACA and ACD were 0.904 and 0.947, respectively. CONCLUSION: Both PTC and AOCT allow accurate discrimination between open and occludable angle eyes, so that they may aid to screening the occludable angles.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anterior Chamber/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/*methods

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of family type and sociodemographic factors on medical treatment, health behavior, and subjective health status in Koreans 60 years and older. METHODS: This study was based on data from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), a nationwide health interview survey using a rolling sampling design involving complex, stratified, multistage, probability cluster. Our subjects included those > or =60 years of age (n=1,946) participating in the KNHANES 2010. Family type was categorized into 7 groups according to cohabitation: alone, couple cohabitation (living with a spouse), parent(s) cohabitation (couple living with parent(s)), offspring cohabitation (no spouse, living with offspring), couple offspring cohabitation (couple living with offspring), couple offspring parents cohabitation (couple living with parent(s) and offspring), and others. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association of family type and sociodemographic factors with health care. RESULTS: The most common family type was couple cohabitation (38.26+/-1.8%). In this group, the percentage of non-receipt of needed medical care (odds ratio [OR], 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42 to 0.87) and current smoking rate (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.50) were significantly lower than those living alone. Among the sociodemographic charicteristics, male gender, apartment dwelling, high middle household income, 2 member family, education higher than middle school, and possessing own house were associated with good health care behavior. CONCLUSION: This study shows that couples have better health care behavior than other family types, in particular, limited smoking, appropriate medical treatment, and positive subjective health status. Those living alone visit medical clinics less often and have a negative subjective health status.
Delivery of Health Care ; Family Characteristics ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Parents ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spouses

BACKGROUND: Perioperative hypothermia can develop easily during shoulder arthroscopy, because cold irrigation can directly influence core body temperature. The authors investigated whether active warming and humidification of inspired gases reduces falls in core body temperature and allows redistribution of body heat in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia. METHODS: Patients scheduled for arthroscopic shoulder surgery were randomly assigned to receive either room temperature inspired gases using a conventional respiratory circuit (the control group, n = 20) or inspired gases humidified and heated using a humidified and electrically heated circuit (HHC) (the heated group, n = 20). RESULTS: Core temperatures were significantly lower in both groups from 30 min after anesthesia induction, but were significantly higher in the heated group than in the control group from 75 to 120 min after anesthesia induction. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the use of a humidified and electrically heated circuit did not prevent core temperature falling during arthroscopic shoulder surgery, but it was found to decrease reductions in core temperature from 75 min after anesthesia induction.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Arthroscopy ; Body Temperature ; Cold Temperature ; Gases ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hypothermia ; Shoulder

PURPOSE: The smoking rates among teenagers in Korea grow gradually since 1980s despite of the numerous programs for youth smoking prevention and cessation have been developed and implemented. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the processes of habituating to smoking among teenagers using the grounded theory methodology. METHOD: Qualitative data was collected via six focus group interviews. A total of 38 people, twelve teachers and 24 middle school students participated in this study. All focus group interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to the grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The overriding theme of the elicited grounded theory was "stepping into a quagmire by a merest chance". The student participants began smoking by a simple chance. The contingent factors to starting smoking were "discord within the family", "family member's smoking", "schoolwork stresses", or "a rebellious spirit". The conditions of smoking included accessibility, going around in group, and the lack of discipline. "Stigmatizing", "involved in mob violence", and "making a poor academic record" coexisted as the covariance of the smoking habituation. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study illustrated the comprehensive and insightful picture of the phenomena under investigation. Nursing implications and further directions for research were discussed.
Adolescent* ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Korea ; Nursing ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products