The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the levels of foodservice management activities and job satisfaction of the dietitians in elementary schools. Out of 130 questionnaires distributed to elementary school dietitians in In-cheon, 127 were returned and analyzed (98% response rate). The questionnaire included two multipleitem scales for measuring foodservice management activities and job satisfaction, respectively. All the items in the scales were coded 1 to 5 for 'certainly no', 'no', 'neutral', 'yes', and 'certainly yes' and grouped by using factor analyses. Most of the responding dietitians were working for schools in urban areas and have independently managed on-site kitchens. The 19 items on food service management activities were grouped into 6 factors and the mean scores of the levels of Personnel Hygiene Management, Education & Training, Sanitation & Safety Management, Menu Quality Management, Service Management, and Environment Management were 4.76, 4.26, 4.24, 4.05, 3.61 and 3.39, respectively. The 23 items on job satisfaction were grouped into 4 factors and the mean scores of the satisfaction levels of Systematic Environment, Job Duty, Job Condition, and Physical Environment were 3.38, 2.83, 2.53, and 2.08, respectively. Overall, the levels of food service management activities and job satisfaction were positively associated with a correlation coefficient of 0.254 (p < 0.01). In particular, satisfaction levels on job duty itself and systematic environment were positively associated with the levels of overall management activities. The results suggest that improving dietitians' job satisfaction could increase the levels of management activities of school foodservice dietitians, resulting in quality improvement of school food service.
Education ; Food Services ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Incheon ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nutritionists ; Quality Improvement ; Safety Management ; Sanitation ; Weights and Measures

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the students' levels of involvement in school lunch service and their satisfaction levels with the service. A survey was conducted with 5th and 6th grade elementary students eating school lunches. Out of 1,680 questionnaires distributed to the students from 14 schools, 1,254 complete questionnaires (74.6%) were analyzed. The questionnaire included two 5-point multi-item scales for measuring levels of involvement in and satisfaction with school lunch service, respectively. A factor analysis grouped 20 items measuring school lunch satisfaction into three factors: 'food satisfaction', 'nutrition & sanitation satisfaction', and 'service & environment satisfaction'. As a result of multiple regression analyses controlling the influence of such variables as students' grades, gender, school location, years and places of eating school lunches, students' levels of involvement in school lunch service was proven to be positively associated with levels of school lunch satisfaction overall, as well as satisfaction levels in regard to 'food', 'nutrition & sanitation', and 'service & environment', respectively. It was suggested that efforts such as nutrition education to increase students' levels of involvement in school lunches could be a useful strategy to improve students' satisfaction with school lunch service.
Eating ; Education ; Humans ; Lunch* ; Sanitation ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells induce tolerance in the immature state besides the function of antigen presenting cells in the mature state. Using this effect, it will be overcome the rejection in organ transplantation. In this research we are to confirm the tolerance effect and induction mechanism in immature dendritic cell cultured with low-dose GM-CSF. METHODS: Dendritic cells were cultured from BALB/c (H-2d) bone marrow cells in the low concentration of GM-CSF (5U/mL, GM(lo)DC) for 10 days. The phenotype and functional properties of these GM(lo)DC were compared to those of standard BM-DC cultures generated in the high concentrations of GM-CSF (200U/mL) with lipopolysaccharide (GM(hi)DC). RESULTS: Compare to mature DC, GM(lo)DC expressed the low level of CD80 and CD86 and these cells were weak stimulators of allogeneic T cell responses by mixed lymphocyte reaction. The administration of GM(lo)DC prolonged allogeneic skin graft survival (median survival time 11.3+/-1.2 days, compared with 6.6+/-0.8 days in nontreated controls). The effects of these cells were donor specific but couldn't be sustained for a long period. CONCLUSIONS: GM(lo)DC were phenotypically immature and they didn't induce allogeneic T cell responses compared with GM(hi)DC in vitro. It is suggested that the less expression of costimulatory molecule in GM(lo)DC induce the tolerance effect.
Antigen-Presenting Cells ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Dendritic Cells* ; Graft Survival ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor* ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance* ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Organ Transplantation ; Phenotype ; Skin ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

Previous reports raised question as to whether 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (8-Cl-cAMP) is a prodrug for its metabolite, 8-Cl-adenosine which exerts growth inhibition in a broad spectrum of cancer cells. The present study was carried out to clarify overall cellular affects of 8-Cl-cAMP and 8-Cl-adenosine on SK-N-DZ human neuroblastoma cells by ystematically characterizing gene expression using radioactive human cDNA microarray. Microarray was prepared with PCR-amplified cDNA of 2,304 known genes spotted on nylon membranes, employing (1)P-labeled cDNAs of SK-N-DZ cells as a probe. the expression levels of approximately 100 cDNAs, representing about 8% of the total DNA elements on the array, were altered in 8-Cl-adenosine- or 8-Cl-cAMP-treated cells, respectively. The genome-wide expression of the two samples exhibited partial overlaps; different sets of up-regulated genes but the same set of down-regulated genes. 8-Cl-adenosine treatment up- egulated genes involved in differentiation and development (LIM protein, connexin 26, neogenin, neurofilament triplet L protein and p21( WAF1/CIP1)) and immune response such as natural killer cells protein 4, and down-regulated ones involved in proliferation and transformation (transforming growth factor-beta, DYRK2, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and proteins involved in transcription and translation) which were in close parallel with those by 8-Cl-cAMP. Our results indicated that the two drugs shared common genomic pathways for the down-regulation of certain genes, but used distinct pathways for the up-regulation of different gene clusters. Based on the findings, we suggest that the anti-cancer activity of 8-Cl-cAMP results at least in part through 8-Cl-adenosine. Thus, the systematic use of DNA arrays can provide insight into the dynamic cellular pathways involved in anticancer activities of chemotherapeutics.
2-Chloroadenosine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/*pharmacology ; 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Blotting, Western ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/*drug effects ; Genome, Human ; Human ; Neuroblastoma/*genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Up-Regulation/drug effects

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of male middle school students'eating school breakfast on their attitudes toward breakfast and school breakfast. In addition, the effect of school breakfast on breakfast-related eating behaviors and academic achievement was investigated. The study subjects were selected from a male middle school located in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Breakfast was provided at the school for 7 weeks during the 2nd semester of the year 2006. Two sophomore classes were selected for the experimental study. All the students from one class (n = 34; School Breakfast Eaters) have eaten school breakfast while none of the students from the other class (n = 33; School Breakfast Non-eaters) have done so. About two weeks after the school breakfast service was terminated, questionnaires were distributed to the two classes and the responses were analyzed. The results showed that School Breakfast Eaters had more positive attitudes toward breakfast and school breakfast than School Breakfast Non-eaters. In addition, School Breakfast Eaters perceived the positive effect of eating breakfast on their school life more highly than School Breakfast Non-eaters. However there was no significant difference between the two groups in their breakfast eating behaviors in terms of breakfast skipping when the breakfast service was not available. No significant difference was found between the two groups with regards to math score variation before and after school breakfast service. In conclusion, school breakfast for 7 weeks had positive effects on male middle school students'attitudes toward breakfast and school breakfast, although the effect was not confirmed in their breakfast-related eating behaviors after the school breakfast service was terminated.
Achievement ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Republic of Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the levels of job satisfaction and self-evaluated foodservice quality of dietitians in elementary schools. Out of 130 questionnaires distributed to the elementary school dietitians in In-cheon, 127 were returned and analyzed (98% response rate). The questionnaire included two multipleitem scales for measuring job satisfaction and foodservice quality, respectively. All the items in the scales were coded 1 to 5 for certainly no, no, neutral, yes, and certainly yes and grouped by using factor analyses. Most of the responding dietitians were working for schools in urban areas and had independently-managed on-site kitchens. The 23 items measuring job satisfaction were grouped into 4 factors: Job Duty, Job Condition, Physical Work Environment, and Organizational Environment. The satisfaction score was the highest for Organizational Environment with a value of 3.38 and the least for Physical Work Environment with a value of 2.08. The 22 items measuring foodservice quality were grouped into 5 factors and the mean scores of the levels of Cleanliness, Internal Food quality, External Food quality, Intangible Service Environment and Tangible Service Environment were 4.20, 3.89, 3.54, 3.45 and 2.64, respectively. The levels of job satisfaction and foodservice quality were positively associated with a correlation coefficient of 0.288 (p < 0.01). In particular, the level of job satisfaction was positively associated with foodservice quality in the aspect of Cleanliness, Internal Food Quality, and Intangible Service Environment. The results show that improving dietitians' job satisfaction could contribute to increasing the levels of foodservice quality of elementary schools.
Food Quality ; Humans ; Incheon ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nutritionists ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: Transplantation of solid organs has been increasing explosively. However, numerous problems remain unsolved, including the requirement for chronic immunosuppressive therapy and the shortage of donor organs. Recently one way to overcome this is bone marrow transplantation after total body irradiation. Especially though the dose of radiation used for conditioning is decreased, allogeneic bone marrow cells are engrafted and it can induce donor specific tolerance for allografting. The aim of this study is to develop a nonlethal conditioning approach to achieve donor chimerism and to confirm donor specific tolerance in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS: We performed experiments on C57BL/6 mice divided into three groups according to preparatory radiation dosage. C57BL/6 mice received sublethal dose of radiation and transplanted with bone marrow cells from BALB/c. The percentage of donor derived cells was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS) and the donor specific tolerance for allografts was assessed by BALB/c skin grafts and so did it by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cytotoxicity (CML) using spleen cells from chimeras (BALB/c->C57BL/6). RESULTS: Induction of alllogeneic donor chimerism occurred in 50%, 100%, 100% of animals irradiated with 6Gy, 7Gy, and 9Gy TBI, respectively. One hundred percent of chimeras with evidence of donor chimerism accepted skin allografts. Moreover, mixed chimeras exhibited donor specific tolerance in vitro as assessed by MLR and CML. CONCLUSION: This strategy induced the donor chimerism and exhibited the donor specific tolerance effect for skin allografting.
Allografts ; Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Chimera ; Chimerism* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance* ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Mice ; Organ Transplantation* ; Radiation Dosage ; Skin ; Spleen ; Tissue Donors* ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Transplants* ; Whole-Body Irradiation

Objectives: . The aim of this study was to evaluate vestibular function loss after cochlear implantation (CI) and the relationship between vestibular function and hearing changes. Methods: . Seventy-five patients with CI were enrolled and divided into those with normal preoperative caloric function (group I) and those with a normal preoperative waveform in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (c-VEMP) testing (group II). The relationship between hearing and changes in the vestibular system was analyzed preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Results: . In group I, unilateral weakness on the implanted side was detected in five (7.7%) and eight (12.3%) patients at 3 and 6 months post-CI, respectively. By 3 months post-CI, the total slow-phase velocity (SPV; warm and cold stimulations) was significantly different between the implanted and non-implanted sides (P=0.011), and the shift in total SPV from pre- to post-CI was significantly correlated with the average hearing threshold at 6 months post-CI. In group II, an abnormal c-VEMP was detected on the implanted side in six patients (16.2%) at 3 months post-CI, and in six patients (16.2%) at 6 months post-CI. Significant changes were noticed in the P1 and N1 amplitude at 3 months postCI (P=0.027 and P=0.019, respectively). Conclusion . Vestibular function and residual hearing function should be afforded equal and simultaneous consideration in terms of preservation.

Type II mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS II) commonly known as Hunter syndrome, is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency, which in turn causes otorhinolaryngological manifestations, including sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Previously, the median survival age of patients with MPS was approximately 13.4 years. However, in the era of enzyme replacement therapy and other multidisciplinary care modalities, the life expectancy has increased. Herein, we report a rare case of an adolescent with MPS II who underwent SNHL treatment with cochlear implantation (CI). Based on unexpected findings of mastoid emissary veins and overgrowth of the vessels around the temporal bone, CI was performed using the transmeatal approach instead of the conventional transmastoid method, to avoid damage to the vessels. The average hearing threshold after CI was 35 dB and no surgical complications were encountered. Adolescent MPS II may present vessel abnormalities, which can reduce the success rate of surgery. In patients with MPS II with SNHL, CI should be performed under careful monitoring of vessel overgrowth. Moreover, with regard to feasibility of CI in adolescent patients with MPS II with SNHL, surgical techniques such as the transmeatal approach should be selected based on adequate assessment of the case.

PURPOSE: Amendment to the Act on Decisions on Life-sustaining Treatment was recently enacted to designate long-term care hospitals as providers of hospice and palliative care. Despite its benefit of providing improved accessibility to end-of-life care, the amendment has raised concerns about its effect on quality of service. This study aimed to use information obtained from an expert group interview and previous studies to compare how cancer patients, family caregivers, physicians, and the general Korean population perceive the potential benefits and risks of this amendment.METHODS: We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study from July to October 2016. The included participants answered a structured questionnaire regarding the extent to which they agree or disagree with the questionnaire items indicating the potential benefits and risks of the amendment. Chi-square tests and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.RESULTS: Compared with the general population, physicians agreed more that long-term care hospitals are currently not adequately equipped to provide quality hospice and palliative care. Family caregivers found improved access to long-term care hospitals more favorable but were more likely to agree that these hospitals might prioritize profits, thereby threatening the philosophy of hospice care, and that families might cease to fulfill filial responsibilities. Compared with the general population, cancer patients were more concerned about the potentially decreased service quality in this setting.CONCLUSION: Although potential service beneficiaries and providers expected improved accessibility of hospice and palliative care services, they were also concerned whether the system can provide adequate quality of end-of-life care.
Caregivers ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Health Personnel ; Hospice Care ; Hospices ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Logistic Models ; Long-Term Care ; Palliative Care ; Philosophy ; Risk Assessment ; Terminal Care