OBJECTIVE: This study compared the effects of opioids antagonist naltrexone and serotonin-dopamine recepter antagonist olanzapine on the reduction of alcohol consumption level of alcohol intake reinforced C57BL-6 type rat. METHODS: Small amount of alcohol and water were applied to the 28 rats for 2 hours per day during 30 days. On the 31th day, The rats were divided into four groups and given different medications by intraabdominal route 30 minutes before the alcohol consumption. For the next 35 days, the 3 subject group were applied with naltrexone 5mg/kg, olanzapine 0.1mg/kg and olanzapine 1.0mg/kg and the control group with distilled water everyday. RESULTS: In contrast to control group, naltrexone 5mg/kg group showed a significant reduction of alcohol consumption after 4 weeks. Olanzapine 0.1mg/kg group showed a decrease of alcohol consumption from 2 to 5 week period. Although olanzapine 1mg/kg group showed a momentary decrease of the consumption during the 2nd and 3rd weeks, the group did not show significant decrease afterwards. Olanzapine 0.1mg/kg was more effective in reducing the alcohol consumption than olanzapine 1mg/kg. However, it is not significantly more effective compared to the naltrexone 5mg/kg in reducing the alcohol consumption of the reinforced rats' alcohol intake. CONCLUSION: This results suggest that the low dose of olanzapine as well as naltrexone reduce the alcohol intake in C57BL-6 type rats.
Alcohol Drinking* ; Alcoholism ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Animals ; Naltrexone* ; Rats* ; Water

No abstract available.
Hypertension, Renovascular*

We report a case of a 36 year old female with coronary artery obstructive disease(Left coronary osteal stenosis), who had been admitted due to severe headache and vomitting. In admission, she was diagnosed as moyamoya disease on cerebral angiogram. She had no history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking. She had experienced angina for 2 years, and 1 year ago she ws diagnosed as bypass surgery with left main coronary artery angioplasty. In moyamoya disease, several portions of extracranial arteries have been found to be involved, but so far, only one case has been reported the coronary involvement on coronary angiogram in the world. And, there has not been a report about moyamoya disease combined with left main osteal lesion yet. This present case indicates that we need to exam for extracranial vascular system including the heart in moyamoya disease.
Adult ; Angioplasty ; Arteries ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Coronary Vessels ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Female ; Headache ; Heart ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Moyamoya Disease* ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Polychondritis, Relapsing*

Purpose: We sought to establish normative ranges of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in Korean elderly individuals and to identify factors that influence GCIPL thickness. Methods:  We conducted a retrospective, observational study of 114 healthy subjects (75 years old or older) who underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations at a single institution. GCIPL thickness was measured with the Cirrus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system and automatic segmentation. Subjects were divided into two age groups: those younger than 80 years and those 80 years or older, respectively. A cross-sectional analysis was adopted to evaluate associations of GCIPL thickness with sex, age, intraocular pressure, optic disc rim area, axial length, spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors, astigmatism, and body mass index. Results: The average and minimum GCIPL thicknesses were 80.3 ± 5.6 µm and 76.3 ± 5.9 µm, respectively. The GCIPL thickness was significantly lower in the older group than in the younger group in the inferior, inferonasal, and inferotemporal segments (all p < 0.01). A thinner average GCIPL thickness was strongly associated with increasing age (β = -2.87, p = 0.021) and thinner circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (β = 2.87, p < 0.001) in all segments. Conclusions GCIPL thickness decreased with age globally and in all segments, even after 75 years of age. Thinner GCIPL was associated with older age and thinner circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer. Age-related changes should be considered when using GCIPL thickness to assess glaucoma and other optic neuropathies characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss.

The clinical features of corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are quite asymmetric. The severity of clinical symptoms and dopamine transporter (DAT) bindings were less correlated compared to other parkinsonisms, suggesting that presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction may not explain extrapyramidal manifestations in CBD. Therefore we wanted to reexamine asymmetry and severity between DAT imaging and clinical findings. We studied patients meeting the diagnostic criteria for CBD based on clinical features. We collected their clinical information and imaging retrospectively. Seven patients were enrolled and all had asymmetric rigidity, bradykinesia and unilateral limb dystonia. These symptoms did not improve with levodopa. All patients showed symptoms bilaterally in the last visit, but asymmetry of clinical symptoms was remarkable at the time of DAT imaging. The DAT bindings were decreased in six subjects. However, one patient showed normal DAT binding. Four patients had a more evident DAT reduction on the side contralateral to the more clinically affected side, however, two patients had a more prominent reduction on the ipsilateral side. The symptoms that we regard as parkinsonian features in CBD are not only explained by presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction. Our findings suggest that postsynaptic dopaminergic or nondopaminergic systems may play a major role in parkinsonian symptoms in corticobasal syndrome.
Parkinsonian Disorders