The relationship between neuronal inflammatory changes and extensive neurodegeneration in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains to be studied.Recent neuroimaging studies have shown that energy depletion due to the impairment of effective oxygen metabolism and oxygen supply defects may be one of the causes of neurodegeneration.In this paper,the pathologic mechanism of MS related to energy failure and associated MRI imaging techniques were reviewed.

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most critical diseases that impair the quality of patients' life, but its pathogenesis has not yet been fully understood. Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular matrix protein containing Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence and has been recently recognized as a potential inflammatory cytokine. It is discovered that OPN plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. It is a bridge between bone and the immune system. This paper reviewed the pivotal role that OPN plays in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To study the protective effects of total flavones of Herba Epimedii(TFE)on focal cerebral ischemia of rats.Methods Rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion was established.With Jinnaduo as a positive control drug,the effect of TFE on the neurological behavior of cerebral ischemia rat,the cerebral water volume,the cerebral infarction area,the cerebral biochemistry and the pathologic change of brain were evaluated.Results TFE improved rats neurological behavior,decreased the cerebral water volume,reduced cerebral infarction area,increased ATPase and SOD activity,decreased MDA content,and also improved the pathological changes of ischemic brain.Conclusion TFE have the protective effect on cerebral ischemia in rats,its mechanism may be concerned about improving energy metabolism and anti-oxidation.

Objective To investigate the ch an ges of gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) during orthotopic liver transplantation (OL T) without venovenous bypasss. Methods Twenty patients (14 males and 6 females) aged (46.7 ?4.6) years, undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation without venovenous byp asss, were included in this study. A gastric tube technique was used to draw gas tric juice 3～5 mL to determine pHi and PiCO 2 before OLT, at 20 min preanhep atic phase, 30 min anhepatic phase, 30 min new hepatic phase and at 2 h and 2 4 h after operation. The arterial blood samples collected taken for the measure ments of PaCO 2, PO 2, pH, BE and HCO 3- at the same time point s as above. pHi was calculated through Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Results The gastric intraumucosal pH (pHi) was decreased significant ly at the time points of 30 min anhepatic phase and 30 min new hepatic phase c ompared with before operation (P

In this study collagen was applied locally for the treatment of burn wound in the rat. Twenty rats weighing 18-22g were made into 7% [1 degree burn model and divided into two groups: collagen group and control group. After burn, collagen (0.4ml, once daily) was smeared on the rat wound in the treatment group, whereas saline (0.4ml, once daily) in the control group. It was found that collagen can significantly accelerate burn wound healing by comparing the wound healing time and histological changes.

The serum myocardial enzymes and isoenzymes activities were measured in 65 bum patients. The results showed that serum CK, CK-MB, LDH and AST activities, and CK-MB/CK and LDH1/LDH2 ratios were markedly elevated after burn injury. The CK-MB/CK ratio in major bum patients was higher than 0.05 1 -3d and 14d postbum. The results suggest that myocardial cells of serious bum patients are significantly injured in both early period and 14 d postbum.

To study the expression of some protooncogenes in burn wounded skin tissue. Methods: The protooncogene expression was analysed by mRNA dot blot hybridization,autoradiography and densitermeter. Results: Thermal injury induced C-myc, C-myb, C-jun and C-sis mRNA expression. How-ever, those four protooncogenes showed different expression models. Expression of C-myc and C-jun in-creased at d 1, and peaked 1 and 3 d postburn, respectively. Expression of C-myb and C-sis increased 3and 5 d, and peaked 10 d after thermal injury. Conclusion: Thermal injury can induce some protooncogeneexpression which sh0wed temporal order and well controlled manifestation. Those results suggest thatthose four protooncogenes are involved with the repair process as a regulator.

To investigate the relationship of the rotation stimulation with motion sickness, the expression of Fos protein in the whole brain of the rat stimulated by complex double rotation on two axes was observed in the present study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal contral group; double-axes rotation stimulation group; the bilateral labyrinthectomy group; group of two-axes rotation stimulation after the bilateral labyrinthectomy. Immunohistochemical staining method was used to detect the expression of Fos protein in different regions of whole brain of the rat. The present results showed that: (1) No Fos-like immunoreactivity was detected in the brain of the rats in control group and the bilateral labyrinthectomy group; (2) In the double-axes rotation stimulation group, the Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in many regions of the brain and brainstem of the rats following complex double-axes rotation stimulation, and the Fos-immunoreactivities were expressed in the nucleus. These Fos-immunopositive neurons were intensively distributed in different subnuclei of the vestibular nucleus complex (including medial, superior and spinal nuclei), nucleus of the solitary tract, locus coeruleus, medial and lateral parabrachial nucleus of the brainstem, paraventricular nucleus of the diencephalons and the amygdala of the limbic system; (3) The expression of Fos protein can be scarcely detected around forementioned regions in brains of the rats following complex two-axes rotation stimulation after the bilateral labyrinthectomy. The present results suggest that the double-axes rotation stimulation can activate effectively the vestibular neurons and many neurons of other region of the brain and brainstem are further activated through direct or indirect connections with vestibular nuclei after complex double rotation stimulation. These activated neurons may be related to the complex mechanism of the motion sickness.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of propotol against hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury in rats on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and the mechanism of GSK-3β.Methods Thirty SD rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n =6):sham operation group (S group),ischemia reperfusion group (I/R group),CsA pretreatment group (C group),propofol pretreatment group (P group),and propofol plus atractyloside pretreatment group (A + P group).Nauta liver ischemia-reperfusion rat model was used.Liver lobes were subjected to warm ischemia for 60min and then reperfusion for 120 min.In P group,propofol [12 mg/(kg · h)] was administered in the femoral vein for 30 min before ischemia until the end of reperfusion.In C group,CsA (2 mg/kg) was administered in the femoral vein for 20min before ischemia.In A + P group,20 μmol/kg of atractyloside was given through the femoral vein 10min before the injection of propofol.Rats were sacrificed at the end of reperfusion,and venous blood and hepatic tissue specimens from the same part of ischemia were obtained from different groups.Results Compared with S group,the AST and ALT levels were increased significantly,mitochondrial swelling were increased and mitochondrial membrane potential were decreased significantly in I/R group and A + P group.Casepase-3 were increased significantly and p-GSK3β Ser9 were decreased significantly in I/R group and A + P group.Compared with I/R group,the content of AST and ALT were decreased significantly,mitochondrial swelling were decreased and mitochondrial membrane potential were increased significantly,casepase-3 release were decreased significantly and p-GSK3β Ser9 were increased significantly in P group and C group.GSK-3β in each group displayed no significant difference.Conclusions Propofol can significantly reduce hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.The protective effect of propofol may be achieved via the inhibition of GSK-3β activation,increased p-GSK-3β Ser9 level,suppressing MPTP opening and decreasing hepatocytes apoptosis.

The dynamic changes of immunoreactive dynorphin1-13 (ir-Dyn1-13) contents in 18 burned patients were studied by radioimmunoassay. It was found that ir-Dyn began to increase gradually at the onset of burn and remained at a relatively high levels by the time of preliminary wound healing. Plasma ir-Dyn increased gradually after bum and decreased abruptly before death in one severely burned patient who died of respiratory failure at the third week. The results suggest that Dyn may have a protective effect on the burned patients.