This paper presents plasma exchange(P.E) therapy in 8 cases of four types of immunic diseaes. The colony forming unit-T lymphocyte (TL-CFU), the symbol T-cell subsets with monoclone antibody (McAb), and the cisrculating immune complex (CIC)were examined before and after the therapy of P.E. and compared with the interelationship of each other. The experiments indicated that plasmapheresis may remove the CIC and noxious autoantibodies and regulation of the action of cellular immunity. All these functions are synthetic therapeutic effects. The indices of checkup on therapeutics were: TL-CFU, CIC and the ratio of T_H and T_S. After plasmaphersis, the ratio of CIC was lowered but the TL was higer than before (P

BACKGROUND: Systemic administrations are widely used in preventing or curing bone infections, however, it accompanied by great adverse reactions and limited local blood drug levels. Therefore, local administration becomes a research focus, which aimed to explore a carrier possess good biocompatibility and slow-release antibiotics. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of calcium alginate gel compound vancomycin on prevention of bone infection, simultaneously, single drug was injected or implanted into models to compare the results.METHODS: A total of 60 healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits were prepared for osteomyelitis models by injecting Staphylococcus auraus to right tibiae medullaris, and randomly divided into systemic treatment, tricalcium phosphate and calcium alginate gel groups. After model preparation, rabbits in the systemic treatment group were intramuscular injected vancomycin (0.03 g, twice per day, for 4 successive days); in the triceicium phosphate group, 1 g tricalcium phosphate combined with 0.1 g vancomycin.was filled in the defects, sealed with bone wax. In the calcium alginate gel group, calcium alginate gel combined with vancomycin was implanted. Gross observation, radiological image and histological analysis were performed at weeks 4 and 8 after operation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Local swelling and partial sinus were found in the systemic treatment and tricalcium phosphate groups after operation. The pathological slice showed that there were a large number of lymphocytes and some sequestrum in the systemic treatment and tricelcium phosphate groups. However, there was no manifestation of osteomyelitis in the calcium alginate gel group. The results suggested that calcium alginate gel compound vancomycin exhibit superior therapeutic effect on prevention of bone infection to local administration of calcium alginate gel combined with vancomycin or systemic application of vancomycin.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and significance of CT image-based threedimensional (3D) brachytherapy for cervical cancer.Methods Three-dimensional (3D) plan and twodimensional (2D) plan were designed for 55 CT images of brachytherapy from 12 cervical cancer patients who received radical radiotherapy in 2013.Dosimetric comparison was performed between the 3D plan and 2D plan,and paired t-test,Wilcoxon signed rank test,Pearson correlation analysis,and Spearman correlation analysis were performed.Results A point dose,D90,V100,CI,and CI' in 3D plan were higher than those in 2D plan (P=0.015,0.016,0.000,0.000,0.000).Bladder point dose,rectal point dose,and rectal D2 cm3 in 3D plan were slightly higher than those in 2D plan,but hot spot dose was significantly reduced in 3D plan (P =0.140,0.123,0.214).Bladder D2cm3 was significantly higher than bladder point dose (P =0.000).Sigmoid colon D2cm3 was more correlated with the average doses of the three highest rectal points than rectal D2 cm3 (r =0.314,0.630,P =0.000,0.000).V100 showed a linear relationship with high-risk CTV (r =0.981,P =0.000).Bladder D2cm3 was higher than 430 cGy when the bladder volume was more than 80 cm3 ;small intestinal D2 cm3 did not change significantly when the bladder volume was less than 115 cm3,but decreased significantly once the volume exceeded the value.Conclusions Compared with the traditional 2D plan,the 3D plan for CT image-based cervical cancer brachytherapy significantly increases the target coverage and conformity index,but does not significantly increase the doses to organs at risk.Point dose evaluation is confirmed to be inaccurate.The doses to the bladder,rectum,and small intestine can be adjusted by controlling the bladder volume.

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV),family Nanaviridae,genus Babuvirus,is a single stranded DNA virus (ssDNA) that causes banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) in banana plants.It is the most common and most destructive of all viruses in these plants and is widespread throughout the Asia-Pacific region.In this study we isolated,cloned and sequenced a BBTV sample from Hainan Island,China.The results from sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicate this isolate represents a satellite DNA component with 12 DNA sequences motifs.We also predicted the physical and chemical properties,structure,signal peptide,phosphorylation,secondary structure,tertiary structure and functional domains of its encoding protein,and compare them with the corresponding quantities in the replication initiation protein of BBTV DNA1.

Objective To study blood type B antigen elimination with α-galactosidase in human liver tissue,and discuss the feasibility of blood type conversion in human liver.Methods The liver specimens from patients with blood type B in liver transplantation were collected,and an in vitro liver perfusion model was established.The in vitro livers were perfused with UW solution +/-α-galactosidase.The effect of enzyme in B antigen of human liver were analyzed by immunofluorescence.Results With UW solution containing α-galactosidase to perfuse the in vitro livers,immunohistochemistry showed the level of blood type B antigen in liver was significantly reduced after hypothermic perfusion and preservation.The B antigen level in 1 h perfusion was reduced to approximate 58％ of this figure prior to perfusion,in 2 h was 10％,and in 4 h was 4％.Among the different intervals,the blood group antigen levels showed significant differences (P ＜ 0.05).In the control group,the blood group antigen levels showed no obvious change on statistical analysis.Conclusions α-galactosidase was effective to clear blood type B antigen in isolated liver tissue.In the experimental group,Although the B antigen did not fall to a undetectable level,liver blood type conversion from B→O remains a promising potential which has been meaningful for related researches on blood type conversion of human organs.

Objective To investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) pretreatment on the liver injury in rats undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).Methods Forty male adult SD rats,weighing 220-250 g,served as liver transplant donors and recipients.The recipient rats were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =8 each):sham operation group (group S),OLT group and EP group.Group S only underwent simple laparotomy.The model of OLT was established according to the modified Kamada's two-cuff technique in groups OLT and EP.EP 40 mg/kg was injected via the caudal vein at 1 h before skin incision in group EP.Venous blood samples were taken at 2 h of neohepatic phase to determine the serum activities of alanine amino-transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino-transferase (AST).Hepatic specimens were obtained to detect the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).Results Compared with group S,the levels of serum ALT and AST and MDA were significantly increased and the activity of SOD was significantly decreased in groups OLT and EP ( P ＜0.05 or 0.01).The levels of serum ALT and AST and MDA were significantly lower and the activity of SOD was significantly higher in group EP than in group OLT ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).Conclusion Ethyl pyruvate pretreatment can attenuate the liver injury in rats undergoing OLT.

Objective To investigate the effect of sevoflurane postconditioning on oxidative stress responses during focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats,weighing 240-280 g,were randomly assigned into 3 groups:sham operation group (group S),focal cerebral I/R group (group I/R) and sevoflurane postconditioning group (group SP).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10％ chloral hydrate 350 mg/kg.Focal cerebral I/R was produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion.In group SP,3.9％ sevoflurane (1.5 MAC) was inhaled starting from 20 min before reperfusion until 10 min after reperfusion.While 100％ O2 and air were given instead of sevoflurane in groups I/R and S,respectively.Six rats chosen from each group at 24 h of reperfusion were sacrificed and brains were removed for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA),glutathione (GSH),superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione reductase (GR) levels and for microscopic examination.The cerebral infarct size was measured by TTC staining.Results Compared with group S,MDA level and cerebral infarct size were significantly increased in groups I/R and SP,and GSH,SOD,CAT,GSH-Px and GR levels were decreased in group I/R,and GSH-Px level was decreased in group SP (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group I/R,cerebral infarct size and MDA level were decreased,and GSH,SOD,CAT,GSH-Px and GR levels were decreased in group SP (P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes were significantly attenuated in group SP compared with group I/R.Conclusion The mechanism by which sevoflurane postconditioning mitigates focal cerebral I/R injury in rats is related to enhanced antioxidase activity and inhibition of oxidative stress responses.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilation for the removal of common bile duct stones.Methods 60 patients of common bile duct stone were divided into two groups:PTBD group (30 cases) and endoscopic sphicterotomy (EST) group (30 cases).Postoperatively biliary tract was drained for three days.Results All stones were removed in 28 patients (93％) in PTBD group and 29 cases (97％) in EST group.Early complications occurred in 13％ in PTBD patients and in 17％ in EST patients(x2 =0.35,x2 =0.13,P ＞0.05).There was no mortality in neither group.Long-term complications such as gallstone recurrence and cholangitis in PTBD group was significantly less than that in EST group (x2 =6.41,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The success rate of PTBD was similar to that of EST and while in PTBD the function of Oddi's sphincter was well reserved.PTBD procedure is a valuable alternative to EST in patients with bile duct stones,especially in patients who are not suitable for EST.

ObjectiveTo assess the validity of virtual-reality simulator UroMentorTM in skill training of ureteroscopy. MethodsThirty urologists were included and divided into groups A (n =18) and B (n =12 ) based on former ureteroscopy experience ( ≥ 20 or ＜ 20).Participants were assessed on their ability to perform cystoscopy,gnidewire insertion,semirigid ureteroscope advancement and basket extraction of a distal ureteric stone on the simulator.A blinded examiner assessed the subjects' performance using global rating scale (GRS).In addition,computer-generated parameters including time to complete the task,endoscope and instrument trauma,and the number of attempts to insert a guidewire were recorded as pretest.After 2 days of simulator training,they were retested with the same task. ResultsAll participants had reduced time to completion (333 ± 32 s & 228 ± 18 s,P =0.001 ) and improved GRS (24.4 ± 2.1 & 28.1 ±1.2,P =0.010).Differences were significant between the two groups in the time to completion (before 405 ±40 s & 262 ±22 s,P =0.014; after 276 ± 12 s & 179 ±9 s,P =0.000),and GRS (before 19.6 ±2.5 & 29.2 ± 1.3,P =0.009 ; after 25.0 ± 1.1 & 31.2 ± 0.7,P =0.002).Previous ureteroscopy experience was correlated to GRS (before r=0.705,after r=0.756). ConclusionThe UroMentor virtual-reality simulator is an appropriate and useful tool in training and assessing the skills of ureteroscopy.

Objective　To evaluate the expression of MAGE-1 gene in esophageal carcinoma and determine whether esophageal carcinoma patients should be eligible for MAGE-1 antigen-based vaccine therapies． Methods　 MAGE-1 mRNA expression in esophageal carcinoma was assessed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification． The PCR products were then digested by restriction endonucleases and inserted into the pET-30a(+) vector． The sequence of the inserted gene fragment was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis． Results　Out of the 30 esophageal carcinomas studied, 43% of the esophageal carcinomas tissues expressed MAGE-1 gene and no expression was found in matched adjacent normal esophageal mucosae． The entire cDNA of the gene was cloned． Conclusion　Owing to the high frequency of MAGE-1 gene expression in esophageal carcinoma and MAGE-1 antigen can be recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes when presented by class-I HLA molecular, a large proportion of these patients might be suitable candidates for immune therapy involving tumor specific antigens encoded by MAGE-1 gene．