Objective: To study the main pharmacodynamics of Zengguang Tablets. Methods: Mice were given Zengguang Tablets orally in dosages of 0.75g/kg and 1.50 g/kg. The celiac macrophage phagocytic function and antibody formation of serum hemolysin (IgM) of mice were determined. The mouse blood vacuity model was established by injecting cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally in the dosage of 80mg/kg. Results: Zengguang Tablets could raise the celiac macrophage phagocytic function of mice and promote the antibody formation of serum hemolysin. Conclusion: Zengguang Tablets has the enhancement on organism immune function.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between thrombocytopenia (TCP) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and coagulation or inflammatory response in mouse.Methods Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice were divided into control group, low-dose, and high-dose LPS treatment groups by random number table method, and each group was subdivided into 4-hour and 24-hour subgroups randomly, with 8 mice in each subgroup. 0.5 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg LPS was injected intraperitoneally in low-dose or high-does group respectively, and equal amount of normal saline was injected in control group. Blood was collected from endocanthal vein at the specified time point, platelet count (PLT) was counted, and the levels of thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT), D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results Compared with control group, PLT (×109/L) at 4 hours and 24 hours in low-dose and high-dose LPS groups was significantly decreased (4 hours: 660.65±180.48, 568.55±117.99 vs. 1 199.13±110.54; 24 hours:505.63±218.92, 256.33±72.86 vs. 1 229.13±1 189.37, allP< 0.05), and the changes were more obvious in high-dose LPS group compared with those of the low-dose LPS group (allP< 0.05). Factorial analysis showed that the changes in PLT were related with LPS dosage and time (F1 = 135.660,P1 = 0.000;F2 = 12.120,P2 = 0.001). It was also found that there was an interactive effect of the dose of LPS and time on PLT (F = 5.580,P = 0.007). Compared with control group, TAT, TNF-α, and IL-6 at 4 hours and 24 hours in low-dose and high-dose LPS groups were significantly decreased [TAT (ng/L) at 4 hours: 1.10±0.59, 0.22±0.13 vs. 3.47±1.73; 24 hours: 1.18±0.68, 0.39±0.29 vs. 3.19±1.27;TNF-α (nmol/L) at 4 hours: 87.35±12.29, 93.70±5.25 vs. 101.59±10.96, 24 hours: 81.94±8.26, 93.23±4.71 vs. 102.84±10.56; IL-6 (ng/L) at 4 hours: 81.78±7.82, 78.59±9.06 vs. 110.88±9.66, 24 hours: 76.03±9.85, 71.34±3.69 vs. 110.88±10.35, allP< 0.05]. TAT at 4 hours and 24 hours in high-dose LPS group was further decreased, and TNF-αat 24 hours was increased as compared with those of low-dose LPS group (allP< 0.05). TAT, TNF-α and IL-6 were influenced only by different dosage of LPS (TAT:F = 42.350,P = 0.000; TNF-α:F = 14.810,P = 0.000; IL-6:F =81.910,P = 0.000), not time (TAT:F = 0.002,P = 0.967; TNF-α:F = 0.342,P = 0.562; IL-6:F = 2.973,P = 0.092). Changes in TAT was not found to be related with the dose of LPS and its time of action, or levels of TNF-α and IL-6 (TAT:F = 0.236,P = 0.791; TNF-α:F = 0.572,P = 0.569; IL-6:F = 0.774,P = 0.468). The dosage of LPS and time of admission showed no influence on D-dimer (F1 = 2.448,P1 = 0.099;F2 = 0.024,P2 = 0.877). The effect of different doses of LPS and time of administration showed no influence on FDP (F1 = 0.106,P1 = 0.900;F2 = 0.013,P2 = 0.908), and no interactive effects were found (D- dimer:F = 0.002,P = 0.998; FDP:F = 0.582,P = 0.563).Conclusion LPS can induce TCP in mouse, but this effect may not related to the activation of coagulation system and excessive inflammatory response.

ObjectiveTo observe whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived fromEscherichia coli (E.coli) can induce apoptosis of murine platelets in vitro.Methods Washed platelet suspension was prepared and adjusted to the final concentration of 3×108/mL. According to the difference in stimulants, samples were divided into control group (non-calcium Tyrode buffer), thrombin-treated group (1 U/mL final concentration and non-calcium TB) and LPS in different concentrations treated groups (1, 10 and 100μg/mL final concentration respectively and non-calcium TB). To each specimental group corresponding stimulus was added and incubated 30 minutes at room temperature. Chemiluminescence was adopted to determine the concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the activity of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (caspase-3). The percentage of Annexin V positive platelets was determined by flow cytometry to reflect the level of phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure. Mean channel fluorescence (MCF) of platelets was determined by flow cytometry for reflecting the level of mitochondrial inner transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) depolarization.Results Compared with control group, the ATP concentration in thrombin-treated group was decreased obviously [relative light unit (RLU): (5.46±0.14)×105 vs. (6.25±0.26)×105,P< 0.05], Annexin V positive ratio [(50.43±2.45)% vs. (1.58±0.25)%,P< 0.05] and caspase-3 activity [RLU: (26.92±1.60)×103 vs. (1.30±0.10) ×103,P< 0.05] were increased obviously, and platelets MCF was lowered significantly [(8.32±0.58)×104 vs. (13.05±1.10)×104,P< 0.05], suggesting an increase inΔΨm depolarization. After being treated with different concentrations of LPS, ATP concentration, Annexin V positive ratio and caspase-3 activity were increased obviously, platelet MCF was decreased obviously, suggestingΔΨm depolarization was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control group, 1μg/mL LPS could increase Annexin V positive ratio [(10.45±1.08)% vs. (1.58±0.25)%,P< 0.05], elevate caspase-3 activity [RLU: (14.06±0.61)×103 vs. (1.30±0.10)×103,P< 0.05], and decrease MCF significantly [(9.48±0.50)×104 vs. (13.05±1.10)×104,P< 0.05]. The ATP concentration, Annexin V positive ratio and caspase-3 activity reached maximum levels after the treatment with 100μg/mL LPS, and they were higher obviously than those of the control group [ATP (RLU): (7.00±0.03)×105 vs. (6.25±0.26)×105, Annexin V positive ratio: (55.35±2.42)% vs. (1.58±0.25)%, casepase-3 (RLU): (32.00±3.75)×103 vs. (1.30± 0.10)×103, allP< 0.05], and platelets MCF reached trough levels, and they were obviously lower than those of the control group [(4.69±0.55)×104 vs. (13.05±1.10)×104,P< 0.05].ConclusionE.coli LPS can induce an increase in ATP, PS exposure,ΔΨm depolarization and activity increase of caspase-3 on mouse platelet in vitro, which indicate that LPS can induce apoptosis of platelets in a concentration-dependent manner.

OBJECTIVE：To eval uate therapeutic effic acy，safety and economical efficiency of Ginkgolide injection versus Butylphthalide injection in the treatment of ischemic stroke. METHODS ：Among the GISAA of Ginkgolide injection in the treatment of ischemic stroke of large-artery atherosclerosis ，106 patients who were given Ginkgolide injection+Asprin enteric-coated tablets but did not use butylphthalide in any dosage in previous trial group were selected as ginkgolide group ；56 patients who were given Butylphthalide injection+Ginkgolide injection+Asprin enteric-coated tablets in previous placebo group were selected as control group. The effects ，safety and economical efficiency were compared between 2 groups. Effect indexes included recurrence rate ， mortality，NIHSS score ，modified Rankin score （mRS），Barthel index and comprehensive efficacy. The safety indexes included incidence of bleeding event and adverse event during treatment. Cost-minimization analysis was used for economic evaluation. RESULTS：There was no statistical difference in recurrence rate ，mortality，NIHSS score ，the proportion of subjects with mRS 0-2，Barthel index ，comprehensive efficacy and the incidence of adverse event between 2 groups on 28th day after treatment （P＞ 0.05）. NIHSS score of ginkgolide group was better than that of control group on 7th and 14th day （P＜0.05）. Results of cost-minimization analysis showed that total cost of ginkgdide group was （13 768.19±4 981.54）yuan on 14th day of treatment ， which was significantly lower than （22 578.52±7 523.23）yuan of control group （P＜0.01）. The results of sensivity analysis indicated that the minimum lost analysis was stable. CONCLUSIONS ：For the treatment of ischemic stroke ，ginkgolide+aspirin is similar to butylphthalide+aspirin in improving clinical outcome and safety of 28 days，but is better than it in short-term efficacy of improving neurological deficit ， and better short-term economical efficiency.

Objective:To explore the feasibility and optimization effect of modifying the Henry Ford Hospital (HFHS) RapidPlan model for stereotactic body radiation therapy planning based on local requirements.Methods:The following changes were made based on Henry Ford Health System(HFHS) Rapid Plan Lung SBRT model, taking the latest clinical guideline evidence and local clinical practice into account: Internal gross target volume(IGTV) and organ at risk(OAR) structure, lung, were added and set corresponding parameters.The upper value of planning target volume (PTV) was adjusted from 109% to 125%. The original training library was replaced with 73 local historical simultaneous integrated boosting plans, and statistical verification and outlier cleaning of the initial trained model were performed using Model Analytics software. Totally 10 cases not included in the model library were selected for independent verification, and automatic optimization result of the models before and after modifying were compared under the same beam condition. The following dosimetric parameters were compared after target dose normalization: conformal index (CI) of target volume, the mean doses, maximum doses and dose-volume parameters of OARs.Results:The " tail" of the PTV′s DVH and the " shoulder" and " tail" of the IGTV′s DVH of model M (local) validation plan (M (local)_P) performs higher than the original model HFHS (HFHS_P). The PTV_CI (1.07±0.13) of M local_P were significantly smaller than HFHS_P (1.25±0.24) ( Z=-2.497, P<0.05). Except for Heart_ D15 cm 3 and Heart_ Dmax, most of the M local_P dosimetric parameters of OARs were lower than HFHS_P, and the standard deviation was smaller. However, the difference of between two plans was no more than 3.06%. 10 HFHS_P plans don′t satisfy dose parameters requirement, two of which PTV_CI values are 1.52 and 1.74, far beyond the clinically acceptable range. Conclusions:Commercial model HFHS could be localized by replacing training library and adjusting parameters. Moreover, plans optimized by the modified model are local clinical acceptable in the aspects of target volume conformity and hotspots, and have a better performance in terms of OAR sparing and plan consistency.

The epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） has presented great challenges to the public health throughout the world. Therefore， it is crucial to foster high-level and multi-disciplinary public health talents to further improve public health. Herein， we summarize the current situation and challenges for public health education and prospect the requirements for training public health talents in China. Colleges and universities bear the responsibility for training public health talents， which is essential for the construction of public health system. In this context， we introduce the education for public health and the Doctor of Public Health （DrPH） program at Fudan university.