As an energy dependent membrane transporter, P-GP highly expresses in the organs which have the function of barrier and secretory.In the brain, P-GP mainly expresses in the cerebral vascular endothelial cells of blood brain barrier.In the state of brain injury diseases ( such as epilepsy and cerebral ischemia) , P-GP appears in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum of rat brain.At cellular level, it mainly exists in the cerebral vascular endo-thelial cells and also overexpresses in the neurons and glial cells.

Objective To investigate the expression levels and significance of interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA in peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells (PFMC) in patients with endometriosis (EM).Methods A total of 55 patients with EM diagnosed histopathologically after operation were enrolled as EM group,and 52 patients without EM were enrolled as control group.The PFMC were isolated,and the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA were determined by TaqMan real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results It was found that IFN-γ mRNA expression level was significantly decreased in EM group compared with that in control group (P＜0.05),while IL-10 mRNA expression level was significantly increased in EM group compared with that in control group (P＜0.05).The ratio of IFN-γ/ IL-10 was significantly lower in EM group than that in control group (P＜0.05).The ratio of IFN-γIL-10 was significantly higher in patients with stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ than that in patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ (P＜0.05).Conclusion The imbalance of IFN-γ/ IL-10 in PFMC is associated with the pathogenesis of EM.

Usage of the fruit and bark of a Melia-family plant as a digestive tract-parasiticide and agricultural insecticide was recorded about two thousant years ago in ancient China. Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid, is an effectual ingredient extracted from the plant. Studies have demonstrated that TSN selectively affects neurotransmitter release, effectively antagonizes botulism, induces cell differentiation and apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of various human cancer cells, inhibits feeding and dovelopment in insects and modifies K+- and Ca2+-channel activity. The research data to demonstrate that TSN inhibits K+-channel and facilitates L-type Ca2+-channel are summarized, and the mechanism of action of TSN is discussed.

Objective:To study the chemical constituents in the root of Petasites tricholobus Franch.and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity.Methods: The primary extraction was done with 95% ethanol and subsequently with other agents including ethyl acetate.The compounds extracted with ethyl acetate were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and purified by means of recrystallization.The structures of the compounds were elucidated by employing chemical and spectral methods.The anti-inflammatory activities of the compounds were evaluated through their inhibitory effect on the trachea contraction of guinea pig induced by histamine in vitro.Results: Six compounds were isolated from the root of Petasites tricholobus Franch.,namely,homofukinolide(1),bakkenolide-B(2),stigmasterol(3),and ?-sitosterol(4),bakkenolide-D(5),and ?-sitosterol-3-O-?-D-glucopyranoside(6).Bakkenolide-B and bakkenolide-D demonstrated inhibitory effect on the trachea contraction induced by histamine in vitro.Conclusion: Homofukinolide,?-sitosterol,and ?-sitosterol3-O-?-D-glucopyranoside are isolated for the first time from Petasites tricholobus Franch..Bakkenolide-B and-D have obvious anti-histamine activities.

AIM:To investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract 761(Egb761)on synaptophysin(SYN)expression in hippocampus of vascular dementia(VD)rats.METHODS:VD rat models,established by repeatedly cerebral ischemia/reperfusion,were randomly divided into two groups:model group and EGb761 treated group(both n=30),and another 30 condition-matched rats were selected as the sham-operated controls.Spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were assessed by Morris water maze(MWM)task,and SYN expression in hippocampal formation of rats in different groups was detected by immunohistochemical technique and image analysis.RESULTS:The MWM escape latency(EL)in model group was highly longer than that in the sham-operated group(P

AIM:To observe the dynamic changes of synapsin I expression and its phosphorylation in hippocampus in vascular dementia(VD)rats.METHODS:Eighty SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group(n=40)and VD model group(n=40),and the latter were established by repeatedly clipping the common carotid arteries with an intraperitoneal injection of sodium nitroprusside solution in anesthetized condition.The synaptic ultrastructural changes in hippocampal CA1 region and the expression levels of synapsinⅠ and phosphorylated synapsinⅠin hippocampus were observed by TEM and immunohistochemical staining method respectively in both sham-operated group and VD model group at 15 d,1 month,2 months and 4 months time points.RESULTS:No obviously pathological changes to CA1 area synapse were found in SO group.In model group rats,synaptic circa membrane ambiguity and fusion,synaptic circa membrane structure decreased the postsynaptic density,reduced synaptic vesicles and vesicle cluster.Above pathological changes became gradually severe along with the time prolongation after model-making operation.Compared with sham-operated group,the expression of synapsin I significantly reduced in CA1 region(P0.05)in model group was observed.The number of p-synapsin I positive neurons in DG and hippocampal CA1 region was less in model group than that in sham-operated group(P0.05).CONCLUSION:The damaged synaptic structure and depressed expression of synapsin I and its phosphorylation in presynaptic parts of hippocampus induced by repeatedly cerebral ischemia/reperfusion may contribute to the synaptic transmission disorders,especially the presynaptic disorder which may be one of the important pathogenesis of the initiation and development in vascular dementia rats.

Kangjixiaoke Granules was composed Red Radix Ginseng,Rhizoma Coptidis,Radix Rehmannia and Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati.The experimental result showed that it pos- sessed obvious hypoglycemic action on normal mice,alloxan diabetes mice and hyper- glycemia mice induced by adrenaline.No toxic response and side-effect were observed in acute toxic test.

Objective To provide basis for identification and utilization of Phytolacca decandra. Methods Anatomic structures of different-aged storing roots, stems and leaves of P. decandra were studied by light microscope and histochemical localization. Results Different-aged vegetative organs have active proteins except the young roots, and the protein used to exist in parenchyma cells. ConclusionProtein content in young stems is the highest and the grain size is bigger than the other organs, and the protein content and grain size in young stems have notable differences from that in the old leaves, young leaves, old stems and roots. No protein has been found in two-year-old storing roots and extra cambium.

Objective To investigate the effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (HES) used as priming fluid for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and lactic acid (LAC) concentration in infants undergoing cardiac surgery.Methods Forty infants of either sex with age ≤6 yr undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20 each): HES group and control group. The left radial artery and the right internal jugular vein were cannulated for blood pressure (BP) and the central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring. Arterial blood gases, blood LAC concentration, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and nasopharyngeal temperature were measured and recorded immediately before and 5 min after aortic cross-clamping, at the end of CPB and operation. Plasma COP was measured before induction of anesthesia (T1), at 5 and 30 min of CPB (T2 and T3, respectively), before routine ultra-filtration (T4), at the end of CPB (T5) and2 h in ICU (T6).Results The plasma LAC concentration was significantly lower and the COP significantly higher in HES group than in control group (P＜0.05 or 0.01).The plasma LAC concentration increased after aortic cross-clamping, reached the peak at the end of CPB and then declined at the end of operation, but was still higher than that before aortic cross-clamping in both groups. Plasma COP was significantly decreased during CPB as compared with the baseline at T1, but increased at T6 in both groups.Conclusion Using HES 130/0.4 as pdming fluid for CPB can effectively improve plasma COP and reduce blood LAC level in infants undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.

AIM:To determine the right ventricular angiotensin converting enzyme2 (ACE2) activity in adult SD rats under normoxia and hypoxia environment,and to detect the relationship between ACE2 and high altitude heart disease initially. METHODS:Adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were raised under hypoxia environment simulated to high altitude (5 000 m,23 h/d),then divided into hypoxia 1 d,15 d and 30 d groups randomly. The control group was set up under normoxia environment. The right ventricular function,ponderal index,pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular ACE2 activity were determined. The effect of captopril or nitrendpine on cardiac ACE2 activity in hypoxia 30 d group was also observed. RESULTS:The dramatic up-regulation of cardiac ACE2 expression of mRNA and protein and its activity in hypoxia 30 d group was observed,together with obvious increase in right ventricular function,ponderal index and pulmonary artery pressure. Although captopril or nitrendipine depressed pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac function dramatically,no significant alteration of right ventricular ACE2 activity was detected. CONCLUSION:Chronic hypoxic exposure promotes the ACE2 expression and activity in right ventricular,indicating that ACE2 may be correlated to the changes of cardiac architecture and function induced by hypoxia. Up-regulation of ACE2 expression maybe contribute to the increase in right ventricular ACE2 activity,and pulmonary artery hypertension may not be the main reason for the changes of ACE2 activity under hypoxia environment.