Objective As economy in China growing fast, it will in turn bring changes on the status of genitourinary cancer inpatients. Methods A survey has been made of urological inpatients from January 1951 to December 2000 in the Institute of Urology of Peking University to find the changing status of genitourinary cancer in the recent 50 years. Results From January 1951 to December 2000, there were 28 521 urological inpatients. The cancer patient in the first and second 25 years constituted 19.5% and 28.2% respectively. Since 1970s renal cancer and prostate cancer increased dramatically from 10.4% to 28.7% and 3.3% to 13.4% respectively. Conclusions The introduction of new diagnostic techniques, the expansion of the aged population and a high fat diet are considered to be responsible for this change.

Objective To establish the animal model of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM to observe the long-term effect of maternal hyperglycemia and postnatal overfeeding on the metabolism of offsprings. Methods Streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg) was administered to Wistar rats intraperitoneally on the 5th day of gestation to induce animal GDM model. Offsprings were allocated into 3 groups: Group CP (n=8) were exposed to normal maternal hyperglycemic environment, group DP-1 (n=8) exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia and every 8 pups breast-fed by one GMD mother and group DP-2 exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia and every 4 pups breast-fed by one GDM mother (n=8). Weight gain between 3-10 weeks were recorded, OGTT at 10 weeks and hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia clamp technique was performed, and plasma insulin level was measured by ELISA at 11 weeks. Results Offsprings in DP-1 and DP-2 group had greater weight gain than group CP at 3-10 weeks after birth [(6.68±1.70)% and (6.03±1.85)% vs (4. 74±0.93)%, P< 0. 05], but no difference was found among the three groups in OGTT results (P> 0. 05). The baseline plasma insulin level was lower in the DP-1 group than in the DP-2 and CP group [(0. 76± 0. 37)μg/L vs (1.13±0. 25)μg/L and (1.06±0. 14)μg/L](P<0. 05). GIR60-120 was higher in DP-1 Offsprings of Wistar rats, exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia, experience excessive weight gain at 3-10 weeks after birth. Overfeeding in early life expedites the decrease of insulin sensitivity in these offspings.

Objective To study the effect of intrauterine hyperglycemia on leptin level and offspring development in rats.Methods Female and male adult Wistar rats were mated,streptozotocin (STZ,50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally on 5th day of gestation to induce diabetic model,diabetic pups (DP) were exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia;control pups(CP) were exposed to controls,which was injected with citrate buffer,8 pups were choosed from each group.Weight gain between 3-10 weeks were recorded.Plasma leptin was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) when the rats were 11 weeks old,and the expression of leptin receptor in hypothalamus was measured at protein level by histomorphology and mRNA level measured by realtime PCR[expressed with integral absorbance(IA)]in 11weeks in order to discuss the relation of leptin and offspring development.Results The fasting blood glucose level was significantly higher in diabetic mother compared with the controls[(28.3±5.1) mmol/Lvs.(6.3±1.4) mmol/L,P＜0.05].However,there was no difference between the fasting blood glucose level in DP group and CP group[(5.1±0.8) mmol/L vs.(5.3± 0.6) mmol/L,P ＞ 0.05].The growth rate between 3-10 weeks was significantly higher in DP group 649.7% than CP group 479.2%,P ＜0.05.The base insulin level was lower in DP group[(0.76±0.37) μg/L vs.(1.06±0.14)μg/L,P ＜ 0.05];while there was no difference in plasma leptin and the expression of ieptin receptor in hypothalamns[(113±37) μg/L vs.(128±40) μg/L,P ＞0.05].The growth rate was not associated with plasma leptin in DP group (r=-0.501,P=0.311) but associated in CP group (r=-0.553,P=0.001).The protein level of DP group (4125±414) did not significantly differ from that of CP group (4244±511).The median of mRNA of leptin receptor in hypothalamus in DP group did not altered significantly compared with that of CP group(1.25 vs 1.80,P＞0.05).Conclusions Intrauterine hyperglycemia accelerated growth rate of offsprings between 3 and 10 weeks,however,plasma leptin was not discreased,which indicated leptin resistance.Intrauterine hyperglycemia did not influence the expression of leptin receptor in hypopthalamus in offsprings,this suggested the leptin resistance may be not caused by the quantity of leptin receptors.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role and clinical significance of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in the development of condyloma acuminatum (CA).MethodsReverse transcription-PCR was performed to analyze the mRNA expressions of IRF7 and TLR9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) of 25 patients with CA and 20 normal human controls.ResultsThe expression levels of IRF7 and TLR9 mRNA in PBMCs were significantly higher in the patients with CA than in the controls(both P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion There is a significant increase in the expression of IRF7 and TLR9 in the PBMCs of patients with CA.

Objective To investigate the cause and management of urethral dehiscence after hypospadias repair. Methods 23 cases of urethral dehiscence after hypospadias repair were reviewed.According to the location of meatus and the status of available skin, urethroplasty was performed by preputial island flap, scrotal island flap or bladder mucosa translocation. Results 23 cases were followed up from 1 to 9 years.15 cases were cured.3 developed urethral fistulae after the secondary repair, which were subsecondary closed up successfully by Thiersch procedure,4 had stricture at the anastomosis site or at the meatal stenosis , which were cured by a silastlic tube stent ( 1.5～5.0 months ). 1 had a mild penile curvature yet erection was satisfactory. Conclusions Preputial or scrotal island flap translocation should be the primary choice of secondary urethral reconstruction, whereas bladder mucosa graft is used in case of local skin deficiency.A secondary surgery should be performed by experceinced uro pediatric surgeons.

Objective To develop a kind of clinical nursing human resource mamagement basic data set fits to national and international standard. Methods CNHRMBDS was developed according to refereces and related standard, and then compared with related data set of nursing management. Results There were 179 data elements in the CNHRMBDS. It included all data elements related to human resources for health in China Hospital Basic Data Set Standard 1.0Version, China Public Health Information Classification and Basic Data Set Standard1.0 Version, and Community Health Information Basic Data Set Standard. Twenty-four data elements in the World Health Organization Human Resources for Health Minimum Data Set and 155 data elements in the American Nursing Management Minimum Data Set were found comparable to those in the CNHRMBDS. Conclusions The CNHRMBDS was found complete and able to meet relevant national and in-ternational standards. It should be further developed to be a national standard for health profession.

Deep vein thrombosis is the common complication of trafifc injury , it is one of the dififculties of forensic identiifcation to identify disability grade and the relationship between injury and disease. When post-thrombotic syndrome happens, circulatory system and leg will be dysfunction, caused by the destruction of valve and venous wall and by the blockage of thrombus. The quality of life and working ability will be seriously affected. The impact of different types of deep vein thrombosis on human body was analysised after looking up relevant literatures, then it was discussed that the identiifcation of following questions including: the relationship between injury and disease, how to identify disability grade and it’s best time.

Objective To detemine the effect of autografts of in-vitro cultured corneal limbal stem cells for treating pterygium. Methods A total of 11 cases (12 eyes) with pterygium were treated with autograft of in-vitro cultured corneal limbal stem cells and were followed-up for 6-15 months. Results During the follow-up pterygium recurred in 1 eye (8.33 %) . All of the grafts survived well and no immunological rejection or other complication occurred. Conclusion Autograft of in vitro cultured corneal limbal stem cells is an effective and valuable method to treat pterygium.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of anuria caused by pediatric congenital bilateral ureteral stenotic obstruction,and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.Methods This series included 7 infants(2 males and 5 females;age range,35-57 d) with congenital bilateral ureteral stenotic obstruction.The clinical presentations were characterized by sudden anuria or oliguria.B-ultrasound,cystography and puncture pyelography were performed in all of them,and magnetic resonance urography(MRU) in 3.Based on the definite diagnosis,resection of stenotic segment of the ureter or ureteral implantation was performed on them.Results The diagnosis was confirmed by puncture pyelography in all of the 7 cases.Six cases underwent phase I surgery and recovered.No ureteral stenosis and cystoureteral reflux occurred during a follow-up of 2-4 years.The renal function was normalized in them.One case had stenosis recurrence due to scar formation,and was cured by the second operation.Conclusions Anuria caused by pediatric congenital bilateral ureteral stenosis should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible.Definite diagnosis can be established by puncture pyelography and MRU.Resection of the obstructive segment of the ureter,protection of renal function,and ureteral implantation are the main therapies.

本文在“国际残疾分类”的基础上，围绕康复诊断名称的标准化，进行了初步探讨，力求使之适合于临床康复的应用及康复病案管理。