Objective:To assess the status of undernutrition and appropriate catch-up growth in extremely preterm infants within 24 months of corrected age (CA).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 422 extremely preterm infants born at Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Women and Children's Medical Center, Southern Medical University from January 2017 to December 2022 and followed up until 24 months of CA were enrolled. The extremely preterm infants were grouped by gestational age at birth (<25, 25-26, 27 weeks), birth weight (<500, 500-749, 750-999,≥1 000 g), weight for gestational age (large for gestational age (LGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA)) and sex. Weight data within 24 months of CA were collected every 3 months. Nutritional insufficiency, growth rate, and achievement of adequate catch-up growth were analyzed during the period from 0 to 24 months of CA. Z-score method was used to analyze data. Fenton 2013 preterm growth charts (Fenton 2013) were used before 40 weeks of corrected gestational age, and World Health Organization child growth standards (2009) fitted Z-scores were applied from 40 weeks of CA. Changes in weight Z-scores of extremely preterm infants from 0 to 24 months of CA were observed and compared, the occurrence of moderate to severe malnutrition and growth retardation was determined, nutritional insufficiency was assessed, and growth rate as well as the achievement of appropriate catch-up growth were analyzed. The Lambda-mu-sigma method combined with the Z-score fitting model was used to fit and analyze the distribution characteristics of weight percentiles in extremely preterm infants. The Chi-square test was used to compare differences among groups.Results:A total of 422 extremely preterm infants were included, with a gestational age at birth of 26.3(25.4, 27.2) weeks and a birth weight of (880±177) g. Among them, 238 were males and 184 were females; 36 cases (8.5%) were LGA, and 16 cases (3.8%) were SGA. During follow-up within 24 month of CA, 89 cases (21.1%) developed moderate to severe malnutrition. When compared separately among different birth weight and gestational age at birth groups, there had both statistically differences in the incidence of moderate to severe malnutrition ( χ2=42.94 and 9.17, both P<0.05). The incidence was the highest in the birth weight of CA<500 g group and the <25 weeks gestational age at birth group, while it was the lowest in the birth weight of CA≥1 000 g group and the 27 weeks gestational age at birth group in their respective groups. Growth retardation occurred in 5.2% (22/422). However, there had statistically differences in the incidence of growth retardation among different birth weight and gestational age at birth groups, in each grouped time interval ( χ2=21.61 and 4.30, both P<0.05). The proportions of rapid growth were relatively high in the 0-3 months and 3-6 months of CA groups, which were 96 cases (27.4%) and 98 cases (26.6%), respectively. Overall, appropriate catch-up growth was achieved in 341 cases (80.8%) from 0 to 24 months of CA. There had statistically differences in the completion rate of appropriate catch-up growth among different birth weight and gestational age at birth groups ( χ2=23.65 and 7.08, both P<0.05). The completion rate was the highest in the birth weight of CA<500 g group and the <25 weeks of gestational age at birth group, while it was the lowest in the birth weight of CA≥1 000 g group and the 27 weeks of gestational age at birth group. Conclusions:The lower the birth weight and gestational age of extremely preterm infants, the higher the incidence of moderate to severe malnutrition and the lower the achievement rate of adequate catch-up growth within 24 months of CA. The period of 0-6 months of CA is the critical window for catch-up in extremely preterm infants.

Objective:To assess the status of undernutrition and appropriate catch-up growth in extremely preterm infants within 24 months of corrected age (CA).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 422 extremely preterm infants born at Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Women and Children's Medical Center, Southern Medical University from January 2017 to December 2022 and followed up until 24 months of CA were enrolled. The extremely preterm infants were grouped by gestational age at birth (<25, 25-26, 27 weeks), birth weight (<500, 500-749, 750-999,≥1 000 g), weight for gestational age (large for gestational age (LGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA)) and sex. Weight data within 24 months of CA were collected every 3 months. Nutritional insufficiency, growth rate, and achievement of adequate catch-up growth were analyzed during the period from 0 to 24 months of CA. Z-score method was used to analyze data. Fenton 2013 preterm growth charts (Fenton 2013) were used before 40 weeks of corrected gestational age, and World Health Organization child growth standards (2009) fitted Z-scores were applied from 40 weeks of CA. Changes in weight Z-scores of extremely preterm infants from 0 to 24 months of CA were observed and compared, the occurrence of moderate to severe malnutrition and growth retardation was determined, nutritional insufficiency was assessed, and growth rate as well as the achievement of appropriate catch-up growth were analyzed. The Lambda-mu-sigma method combined with the Z-score fitting model was used to fit and analyze the distribution characteristics of weight percentiles in extremely preterm infants. The Chi-square test was used to compare differences among groups.Results:A total of 422 extremely preterm infants were included, with a gestational age at birth of 26.3(25.4, 27.2) weeks and a birth weight of (880±177) g. Among them, 238 were males and 184 were females; 36 cases (8.5%) were LGA, and 16 cases (3.8%) were SGA. During follow-up within 24 month of CA, 89 cases (21.1%) developed moderate to severe malnutrition. When compared separately among different birth weight and gestational age at birth groups, there had both statistically differences in the incidence of moderate to severe malnutrition ( χ2=42.94 and 9.17, both P<0.05). The incidence was the highest in the birth weight of CA<500 g group and the <25 weeks gestational age at birth group, while it was the lowest in the birth weight of CA≥1 000 g group and the 27 weeks gestational age at birth group in their respective groups. Growth retardation occurred in 5.2% (22/422). However, there had statistically differences in the incidence of growth retardation among different birth weight and gestational age at birth groups, in each grouped time interval ( χ2=21.61 and 4.30, both P<0.05). The proportions of rapid growth were relatively high in the 0-3 months and 3-6 months of CA groups, which were 96 cases (27.4%) and 98 cases (26.6%), respectively. Overall, appropriate catch-up growth was achieved in 341 cases (80.8%) from 0 to 24 months of CA. There had statistically differences in the completion rate of appropriate catch-up growth among different birth weight and gestational age at birth groups ( χ2=23.65 and 7.08, both P<0.05). The completion rate was the highest in the birth weight of CA<500 g group and the <25 weeks of gestational age at birth group, while it was the lowest in the birth weight of CA≥1 000 g group and the 27 weeks of gestational age at birth group. Conclusions:The lower the birth weight and gestational age of extremely preterm infants, the higher the incidence of moderate to severe malnutrition and the lower the achievement rate of adequate catch-up growth within 24 months of CA. The period of 0-6 months of CA is the critical window for catch-up in extremely preterm infants.

Objective:To investigate the effect of Yiqi Shengqing Formula on neuronal damage in ischemic stroke(IS)rats by regulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)-extracellular regulated protein kinase(ERK)-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding protein(CREB)signal pathway.Methods:IS rat model was prepared by modified thread suppository method,and randomly divided into model group,low dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula(3 g/kg)group,high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula(6 g/kg)group,high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula(6 g/kg)+empty load group,high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula(6 g/kg)+BDNF knockdown group,with 10 rats in each group,another 10 healthy rats were set as sham operation group.After intervention with Yiqi Shengqing Formula and plasmid,neural function of rats in each group was scored with Longa scoring method;Morris water maze test was used to detect cognitive impairment of rats in each group;Nissl staining was used to detect the number of neurons in ischemic peripheral brain tissue and hippocampus of rats in each group;synaptic morphology of ischemic peripheral brain tissue was detected by silver staining;levels of TNF-α and IL-8 in brain tissue and serum of rats in each group were measured by ELISA;expressions of BDNF-ERK-CREB signal pathway related proteins in rat brain were detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with sham operation group,synaptic morphology of ischemic peripheral brain tissue in model group was severely damaged,retention time in target quad-rant,times of crossing platform,the number of neurons in ischemic peripheral brain tissue and hippocampus,expressions of BDNF protein and p-ERK/ERK,p-CREB/CREB in brain tissue were decreased significantly(P<0.05),while neurological function score and levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-8 in brain tissue and serum were increased significantly(P<0.05).Compared with model group,synaptic morphological damage of ischemic peripheral brain tissue in rats in low dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula group and high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula group was alleviated,retention time in target quadrant,times of crossing platform,the number of neurons in ischemic peripheral brain tissue and hippocampus,expressions of BDNF protein and p-ERK/ERK,p-CREB/CREB in brain tissue were increased(P<0.05),while neurological function score and levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-8 in brain tissue and serum were decreased(P<0.05).Compared with low dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula group,damage of synaptic morphology in ischemic peripheral brain tissue of rats in high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula group was further alleviated,retention time in target quadrant,times of crossing platform,the number of neurons in ischemic peripheral brain tissue and hippocampus,expressions of BDNF protein and p-ERK/ERK,p-CREB/CREB in brain tissue were further increased(P<0.05),while neurological function score and levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-8 in brain tissue and serum were further reduced(P<0.05).Compared with high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula group,synaptic morphological damage of ischemic peripheral brain tissue in high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula+BDNF knockdown group was aggravated,retention time in target quadrant,times of crossing the platform,number of neurons in ischemic peripheral brain tissue and hippocampus,expressions of BDNF protein and p-ERK/ERK,p-CREB/CREB in brain tissue were decreased(P<0.05),while neurological function score and levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-8 in brain tissue and serum were increased(P<0.05);there was no significant changes in each index of rats in high dose Yiqi Shengqing Formula+empty load group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Yiqi Shengqing Formula can inhibit the neuroinflammation of IS rats by activating BDNF-ERK-CREB signal,thereby reducing the damage of its neurons and improving its neural function.

Objective:To investigate the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 peptidomimetics THR123 in the regulation of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.Methods:Primary human RPE cells were isolated from donor eyes.The RPE cells was cultured for 48 hours with conventional medium, medium containing 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), medium containing 10 ng/ml TGF-β2 and 5 μg/ml THR123, respectively, serving as negative control group, TGF-β2 stimulation group and THR123-treated group.The relative protein expression levels of E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN) activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) and Snail family zinc finger transcription factor 1, Snail1) were detected by Western blot analysis in each group.RPE cell contractile function was detected by collagen gel contraction assay.RPE cell migration function was detected by transwell assay.RPE cell polarity was detected by transepithelial resistance.For the in vivo model, the rabbit PVR model was established by intravitreal injection of RPE cells and cytokine platelet-derived growth factor.The PVR rabbits were randomly divide into PVR group, 0.5 μg/ml THR123 group and 5 μg/ml THR123 group, and were intravitreally injected with corresponding concentration of THR123 on the day of modelling and 7 days after modelling.The fundus conditions of rabbits were observed every 7 days.Retinal detachment was checked by B-scan ultrasonography every 7 days, and PVR grading was performed on 14 and 28 days after modelling.On day 28 after modelling, the rabbit was sacrificed by air embolism and the eyeball was enucleated.Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and α-SMA immunofluorescence staining were performed to compare the differences in PVR progression among groups.In the LDN inhibition group, BMP receptor inhibitor LDN193189 was added to primary RPE cells and the expression of EMT markers and cell functional differences of RPE cells were compared between negative control group and LDN inhibition group.Small interfering RNA of control and Snail1 was transfected into RPE cells of siNC+ TGF-β2 group and siSnail1+ TGF-β2 group, respectively, and the differences in EMT markers and function of RPE cells were compares.The protocol involving human specimens, cells and animals in this study was opproved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital (No.2021SQ057). Results:There were statistically significant differences in gel contraction ratio, transepithelial resistance and relative expressions of E-Cadherin, FN and α-SMA proteins among the negative control group, TGF-β2 stimulation group and THR123-treated group ( F=28.38, 136.30, 38.50, 2.53, 53.54; all P<0.01).Compared with the negative control group and THR123-treated group, the gel contraction ratio, transepithelial resistance, and relative expression of E-cadherin in the TGF-β2 stimulation group decreased, and the relative expression of α-SMA and FN increased, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.01).On day 28 after modeling, the PVR grades in the PVR group, 5 μg/ml THR123 group and 5 μg/ml THR123 group were 4.00±0.45, 2.80±0.37, 1.80±0.37, respectively, with a statistically significant difference among groups ( F=7.583, P=0.007).The PVR grade of rabbit eyes was significantly lower in the 5 μg/ml THR123 group than in the PVR group ( P<0.05).HE staining showed that the number of preretinal proliferative membranes was less in the 5 μg/ml THR123 group than in the PVR group and the 0.5 μg/ml THR123 group, and no retinal detachment was found.Immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of α-SMA in vitreous cavity and retina was significantly lower in the 5 μg/ml THR123 group than in the PVR group and the 0.5 μg/ml THR123 group.Compared with the negative control group and THR123-treated group, the relative expression of ALK2 protein in the TGF-β2 stimulation group was significantly decreased, and the relative expression of Snail1 protein was significantly increased (all P<0.01).Compared with the negative control group, the gel contraction ratio, transepithelial resistance and relative expression of E-cadherin protein in the LDN inhibition group were significantly reduced, and the relative expression of FN, α-SMA and Snail1 proteins were significantly increased (all P<0.01).Compared with the siNC+ TGF-β2 group, the gel contraction ratio and the relative expression of E-cadherin protein in the siSnail1+ TGF-β2 group were significantly increased, and the relative expression of FN, α-SMA and Snail1 proteins were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). Conclusions:THR123 can activate the BMP pathway to inhibit Snail1, thereby inhibiting the EMT process in RPE cells and PVR occurrence.It is expected to provide potential targets for PVR drug therapy.

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestation, therapy, and prognosis of Susac syndrome and enhance the understanding of this disease.Methods:A case summary was made.The clinical data of two siblings with Susac syndrome treated at Children′s Medical Center, Peking University First Hospital in January 2024 were summarized.Reported cases of pediatric Susac syndrome were reviewed.Results:The onset of the disease in the two siblings was at the age of 3.00 and 6.75 years, with recurrent headaches, tinnitus, hearing loss and encephalopathy symptoms.Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple cerebral microbleeding and microinfarction lesions, " snowball like" in the corpus callosum and diffuse white matter edema in the brain.Audiometry revealed sensorineural hearing loss.In one case, ophthalmic fluorescein angiography revealed ischemic changes due to branch retinal artery occlusions.No pathogenic variants were detected in gene testing.This child was diagnosed with Susac syndrome, and the symptoms were improved after treatment with Corticosteroids and Rituximab.No relapse was observed during the 9-month follow-up.A total of 20 pediatric cases of Susac syndrome were retrieved, including 18 reported previously and 2 cases from this study.There were 2 boys and 18 girls, with the age of onset ranging from 2.5 to 17.0 years.The common initial symptoms included headache (19 cases), vertigo and tinnitus or hearing loss (9 cases), and vision impairment or visual field defect (4 cases). The symptoms were improved after immunotherapy.Conclusions:With a low incidence, Susac syndrome is rare in children and difficult to diagnose.There may be a genetic predisposition in such disease.Early diagnosis and immunotherapy can low the relapse and improve the prognosis.

Objective:To compare the effects of using cone beam CT (CBCT) and oral scanning registration on implant positional accuracy during robot-assisted implant surgery, and to provide a basis for selecting the appropriate registration for robot-assisted implant surgical options.Methods:One patient with dentition defect, specifically missing teeth at positions 21 and 26 and having natural teeth adjacent mesially and distally to the edentulous area, who visited the Department of Oral Implantology, School of Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University in 2024 were selected. Based on reconstructed imaging data, 30 identical jaw models were printed. These models were divided into a CBCT registration group and an intra-oral scanning registration group (15 models per group). An associate chief physician with extensive experience in implant surgery performed preoperative registration using the implant robot and completed the implant surgeries. Postoperative CBCT scans were used to determine the three-dimensional position of the implants. The deviations between the planned implant position and the actual position were evaluated, including deviations at the implantation point, apical point, and angular deviation. The differences between the two groups were compared.Results:The implantation deviation was 0.675 (0.490) mm, apical deviation was (0.680±0.272) mm, and the angular deviation was 0.566°±0.147° in the CBCT registration group, and in the intra-oral scanning registration group, implantation deviation was 0.695 (0.313) mm, apical deviation was (0.667±0.217) mm, and the angular deviation was 0.523°±0.168°. There was no statistically significant error in implant precision between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:This in vitro experiment found that the use of intra-oral scanning registration in robot-assisted implant surgery can achieve similar implant placement accuracy as CBCT registration.

Objective To investigate the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia(CIH)on hippocampal neuronal injury in rats,and to clarify the role of endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress-related apoptotic pathways.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control group(n=8)or a CIH group(n=8).The CIH group was exposed to intermittent hypoxia for 8 h/day over 8 weeks.Hippocampal neuronal morphology was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy.Neuronal apoptosis was assessed using the TUNEL assay.Intracellular Ca2? levels were measured by flow cytometry.The mRNA and protein expression of ER stress-related factors(GRP78,CHOP)and the apoptotic effector Caspase-3 were quantified by qPCR and Western blot.Results Compared with controls,rats in the CIH group exhibited marked hippocampal neuronal damage,including disrupted cytoarchitecture,cytoplasmic dissolution,and swollen rough ER.Ultrastructural analysis revealed nuclear deformation and organelle disruption.TUNEL assay demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic cells(P<0.05).Flow cytometry showed elevated intracellular Ca2? levels(P<0.05).GRP78,CHOP,and Caspase-3 were significantly upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in the CIH group(all P<0.05).Conclusion CIH induces pronounced hippocampal neuronal injury and apoptosis in rats,associated with Ca2? dysregulation and activation of ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathways.These findings provide experimental evidence for elucidating the mechanisms of OSAHS-related neuronal injury and identifying potential therapeutic targets.

Objective:To investigate the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 peptidomimetics THR123 in the regulation of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.Methods:Primary human RPE cells were isolated from donor eyes.The RPE cells was cultured for 48 hours with conventional medium, medium containing 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), medium containing 10 ng/ml TGF-β2 and 5 μg/ml THR123, respectively, serving as negative control group, TGF-β2 stimulation group and THR123-treated group.The relative protein expression levels of E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin (FN) activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) and Snail family zinc finger transcription factor 1, Snail1) were detected by Western blot analysis in each group.RPE cell contractile function was detected by collagen gel contraction assay.RPE cell migration function was detected by transwell assay.RPE cell polarity was detected by transepithelial resistance.For the in vivo model, the rabbit PVR model was established by intravitreal injection of RPE cells and cytokine platelet-derived growth factor.The PVR rabbits were randomly divide into PVR group, 0.5 μg/ml THR123 group and 5 μg/ml THR123 group, and were intravitreally injected with corresponding concentration of THR123 on the day of modelling and 7 days after modelling.The fundus conditions of rabbits were observed every 7 days.Retinal detachment was checked by B-scan ultrasonography every 7 days, and PVR grading was performed on 14 and 28 days after modelling.On day 28 after modelling, the rabbit was sacrificed by air embolism and the eyeball was enucleated.Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and α-SMA immunofluorescence staining were performed to compare the differences in PVR progression among groups.In the LDN inhibition group, BMP receptor inhibitor LDN193189 was added to primary RPE cells and the expression of EMT markers and cell functional differences of RPE cells were compared between negative control group and LDN inhibition group.Small interfering RNA of control and Snail1 was transfected into RPE cells of siNC+ TGF-β2 group and siSnail1+ TGF-β2 group, respectively, and the differences in EMT markers and function of RPE cells were compares.The protocol involving human specimens, cells and animals in this study was opproved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital (No.2021SQ057). Results:There were statistically significant differences in gel contraction ratio, transepithelial resistance and relative expressions of E-Cadherin, FN and α-SMA proteins among the negative control group, TGF-β2 stimulation group and THR123-treated group ( F=28.38, 136.30, 38.50, 2.53, 53.54; all P<0.01).Compared with the negative control group and THR123-treated group, the gel contraction ratio, transepithelial resistance, and relative expression of E-cadherin in the TGF-β2 stimulation group decreased, and the relative expression of α-SMA and FN increased, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.01).On day 28 after modeling, the PVR grades in the PVR group, 5 μg/ml THR123 group and 5 μg/ml THR123 group were 4.00±0.45, 2.80±0.37, 1.80±0.37, respectively, with a statistically significant difference among groups ( F=7.583, P=0.007).The PVR grade of rabbit eyes was significantly lower in the 5 μg/ml THR123 group than in the PVR group ( P<0.05).HE staining showed that the number of preretinal proliferative membranes was less in the 5 μg/ml THR123 group than in the PVR group and the 0.5 μg/ml THR123 group, and no retinal detachment was found.Immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression of α-SMA in vitreous cavity and retina was significantly lower in the 5 μg/ml THR123 group than in the PVR group and the 0.5 μg/ml THR123 group.Compared with the negative control group and THR123-treated group, the relative expression of ALK2 protein in the TGF-β2 stimulation group was significantly decreased, and the relative expression of Snail1 protein was significantly increased (all P<0.01).Compared with the negative control group, the gel contraction ratio, transepithelial resistance and relative expression of E-cadherin protein in the LDN inhibition group were significantly reduced, and the relative expression of FN, α-SMA and Snail1 proteins were significantly increased (all P<0.01).Compared with the siNC+ TGF-β2 group, the gel contraction ratio and the relative expression of E-cadherin protein in the siSnail1+ TGF-β2 group were significantly increased, and the relative expression of FN, α-SMA and Snail1 proteins were significantly decreased (all P<0.05). Conclusions:THR123 can activate the BMP pathway to inhibit Snail1, thereby inhibiting the EMT process in RPE cells and PVR occurrence.It is expected to provide potential targets for PVR drug therapy.

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between postoperative delirium (POD) and concentrations of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of elderly patients undergoing total knee and hip arthroplasty.Methods:In this case-control study, 375 elderly patients of both sexes, aged ≥65 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ, scheduled for elective total knee and hip arthroplasty under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia at Haian Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University from November 2022 to June 2024, were selected. The perioperative clinical data were collected. CSF was drawn before anaesthesia for determination of the concentrations of PEBP1, Abeta 42 (Aβ 42), total tau (t-tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The occurrence of postoperative delirium was evaluated using the Confusion Assessment Method at 1-7 days after operation. The severity of POD was assessed using a Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale. The patients were divided into POD group and non-POD group based on whether POD occurred. The influencing factors of POD were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Mediating effects were assessed to determine whether the levels of Aβ 42, p-tau and t-tau in CSF mediated PEBP1′s effect on POD. The accuracy of CSF PEBP1 concentration in predicting POD was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results:Decreased concentration of Aβ 42 in CSF, decreased ratios of Aβ 42/p-tau and Aβ 42/t-tau in CSF, and increased concentrations of PEBP1, p-tau and t-tau in CSF were independent risk factors for POD ( P<0.05). The results of mediation analysis showed that the relationship between PEBP1 and POD was partially mediated by CSF Aβ 42 (15.0%) and Aβ 42/t-tau ratio (14.9%). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the accuracy of CSF PEBP1 concentrations in predicting the occurrence of POD was high (AUC=0.846, P<0.001). Conclusions:Preoperative elevated CSF PEBP1 concentration is a risk factor for POD. CSF Aβ 42 concentration and Aβ 42/t-tau ratio serve as key mediators in the the association between PEBP1 and POD. PEBP1 concentration is more accurate in predicting POD.

Balo′s concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, once considered a variant of multiple sclerosis. It is characterized by alternating layers of demyelinated and myelinated regions in a concentric pattern, resembling tree rings. The disease typically has an acute onset and diverse clinical manifestations. In the past, diagnosis of BCS primarily relied on autopsy; however, with the widespread application of magnetic resonance imaging, the number of confirmed cases has gradually increased, significantly improving the efficiency of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, most reports both domestically and internationally remain limited to individual cases. This article provides a review of the epidemiology, etiology, predisposing factors, pathogenesis, neuropathological features, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, relationship with multiple sclerosis, auxiliary examinations, and treatment of BCS.