Autophagy is a powerful process for removing such proteins and for maintaining homeostasis.However,autophagy dysfunction has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of vari-ous neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson 's disease (PD).Recent studies have shown that TFEB could regulate au-tophagy and lysosome function through regulating the expressionof the relatedgenes.Thus,TFEB plays a key role in the occur-rence of Parkinson's disease.Therefore,this article will make a review of the regulatory mechanism of TFEB and its role in Par-kinson's disease.

Objective To explore risk factors of neurosurgical patients in bed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and to compare the Autar Scale with the Caprini Scale for predicting DVT formation. Methods Retrospective analysis of DVT risk factors was conducted on sixty-eight cases neurosurgical patients in bed of three hospitals. In addition, used two kinds of risk assessment scales to assess patient′s level of DVT risk. Results Coma (OR=9.410,95%CI=1.689-52.423), paralysis (OR=4.950,95%CI=1.432-17.105) , infection (OR=2.927,95%CI=1.162-7.373), lower limb central venous catheterization (OR=6.072,95%CI=2.187-16.858) may be risk factors for DVT in neurosurgical patients in bed. The two risk assessment tools were used within 24 hours after admission (χ2=34.861) and within 24 hours after surgery (χ2=52.869) to predict differences in neurosurgical patients with thrombosis risk level, with statistical significance (P < 0.01). Conclusions Nurses should identify risk factors of DVT every day and take preventive measures early to reduce the risks. The Caprini Scale is better than the Autar Scale for predicting DVT formation.

ObjectiveTo detect the expression of CD146 in sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)of patients with Henoch-Sch(o)nlein purpura(HSP),and to assess its role in the pathogenesis of HSP.MethodsSixty patients with HSP in acute or recovery stage and 20 normal human controls were included in this study.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)was performed to measure the expression levels of serum soluble CD146(sCD146),and real-time fluorescence-based quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to detect the mRNA expression levels of CD146 in PBMCs.The correlation of the above parameters with disease activity was assessed.ResultsThe levels of serum sCD146 and CD146 mRNA in PBMCs in patients with HSP in recovery stage were significantly higher than those in the normal human controls(0.52 ± 0.15) ng/L vs. (0.23 ± 0.08) ng/L,t =8.90,P ＜ 0.05; 14.18 ± 2.49 vs.10.08 ± 2.08,t =6.92,P ＜ 0.05),but lower than those in patients with HSP in acute stage(0.84 ± 0.49) ng/L,t =3.44,P ＜ 0.05; 26.34 ± 2.55,t =18.69,P ＜0.05).ConclusionCD146 may participate in the pathogenesis of HSP.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1) is a heterodimer of an O2-rugulated ?subunit and a constitutively expressed ?subunit.The article reviews the active expression of HIF-1 and its important role in angiogenesis induced by tissue hypoxia/ischemia.

Objective To develop HPLC method for determination of polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) in breast milk.Method PUFA were extracted from breast milk with mixture of methanol: N-hexane:phosphoric acid(15:25:3).PUFA were derived by phenacyl bromide.The mobile phase was acetonitrile:water(81:19,v/v) at 1.0 ml/min with UV detection at 252 nm and column temperature was 35℃.The analytic column was Hypersil BDS C18(4.6mm?150mm,5 ?m).Results The average recovery was(98?5)% and the relative standard deviation of intra-day and inter-day were limited within 5.9%.Conclusion The method was stable,sensitive and accurate,and suitable for determination of PUFA in breast milk.

In the last 10 years,an increasing interest has been devoted to the study of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs).Alteration and/or reduction of the circulating EPCs have/has been associated with different manifestation of cardiovascular disorders.Thererfore,EPCs have been extensively studied as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and as a cell-based therapy for repair of damaged blood vessels.In the review,we focus on two methodologies used to identify and enumerate EPCs in the majority of studies up to date.

Object To develop an RP-HPLC method for determination of spinosin and ferulic acid in Suanzaoren Decoction (SZRD). Methods Hypersil C 18 column was used. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water with 1% glacial acetic acid (17∶83) for spinosin and (16∶84) for ferulic acid. Detection wavelengths were set at 334 and 320 nm, respectively. The internal standard was p-hydroxybenzaldehyde for ferulic acid. Results The linear ranges for spinosin and ferulic acid were 0.960—13.44 ?g/mL (r=0.999 8) and 2.04—27.2 ?g/mL (r=0.999 7), respectively. The recoveries for them were 98.4% and 98.8%, respectively. The RSD were 2.5% and 2.8%, respectively. Conclusion This method is simple, rapids and accurate, and can be used for the determination of spinosin and ferulic acid in SZRD.

The characteristic of atypical atrial flutter episodes on electrocardiogram is different from the typical atrial flutter.Due to the poor diagnosis awareness about atypical atrial flutter,which is easily misdiagnosed as other arrhythmia,for example sinus arrhythmia,atrial fibrillation,and Ⅲ °atrioventricular block.Here we reported a case of atypical atrial flutter in child.In addition to the characteristics of typical atrial flutter,such as regular and more fixed atrial rhythm,fluctuated ventricular rate,faster atrial rate than the ventricular rate,the patient was found equipotential line,slow atrial rate,and uprighted F wave on the inferior wall leads and V 1 lead of electrocardiogram,which were different from typical atrial flutter.

Lectin like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1(LOX 1) is a type Ⅱ membrane protein belonging to the C type lectin family molecules which can act as a cell surface endocytosis receptor for oxidized LDL.LOX 1 can support binding, internalization and proteolytic degradation of oxidized LDL. And LOX 1 is involved in the platelet endothelium interaction and mediates phagocytosis of aged/apoptotic cells in endothelial cells ox LDL. Purification of soluble LOX 1 and the N terminal amino acid sequencing identified the two cleavage sites (Arg 86 Ser 87 and Lys 89 Ser 90 ). LOX 1 expression is not constitutive, but can be induced by proinflammatory stimuli, such as Angiotension Ⅱ, fluid shear stress and so on.

AIM: To develop an RP HPLC method for determination of mangiferin and glycyrrhizic acid in Suanzaoren Decoction(Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, Poria, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Glycyrrhizae). METHODS: Hypersil C 18 column was used. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile water(13∶87,v/v) with 1% glacial acetic acid for mangiferin and methanol acetonitrile water(25∶15∶60,v/v) with 1% acetic acid for glycyrrhizic acid, respectively. Detection wavelengths were set at 320nm and 254nm, respectively. The internal standards were vanillin for mangiferin and mebendazole for glycyrrhizic acid, respectively. The flow rates were both 0.8mL?min -1 . RESULTS: The linear ranges for mangiferin and glycyrrhizic acid were 10.72～85.76?g?mL -1 ( r =0.9998) and 0.080～0.80mg?mL -1 ( r =0.9997), respectively. The average recoveries were 97.2% with RSD 3.0% and 97.6% with RSD 2.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This method is simple, rapid and accurate, and can be used for the determination of mangiferin and glycyrrhizic acid in Suanzaoren decoction.