Penetration enhancers are substances to improve the rate or amount of transdermal permeation which is an important factor in transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). Recent researches have found that some of the new penetration enhancers have a higher penetration-effect, little irritation, fewer adverse reactions, and stable properties. In this article, domestic and foreign research reports on penetration enhancers have been collected and summarized. The research progress of penetration enhancers were reviewed, with a purpose to provide a reference for reasonable selection of penetration enhancers.

AIM:To research the effects of Kanglaite(KLT)injection on antitumor and expression of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)in Lewis lung carcinoma(LLC).METHODS:A total of 40 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups,including model group,KLT 6.25,12.5,25 mL/kg groups.All the mice were injected with 2?106 LLC cells at 1st day.At the next day,mice in the KLT groups were peritoneally injected with KLT for 14 days.And at the 16th day,all the mice were sacrificed and the tumors were harvested.The tumor weight was measured and the tumor growth inhibition rate was analyzed.The expression of EGFR was detected by westernblot.RESULTS:The growth of LLC was significantly inhibited by KLT,the changes of tumor appearance and histology were affected and the expression level of EGFR was decreased.CONCLUSION:KLT injection could obviously inhibit the growth of LLC,whose mechanism maybe related to the inhibition of EGFR expression.

Objective To investigate the effect of Kanglaite injection (KLT) on immunological function of rat models with Lewis lung carcinoma. Methods Forty C57BL/6 mice were used to establish Lewis lung carcinoma models and divided randomly into the high dose(25 mL/kg), middle dose (12.5 mL/kg) and low dose (6.25 mL/kg) of KLT groups and model group(n=10). The mice in the KLT groups were sacrificed after injecting corresponding dose of KLT with intraperitoneal injection for 14 d. No treatment was performed on the rats in model group. The body weight, tumor and spleen weight was weighed, then the ratio of tumor restriction and the index of spleen was calculated. MTT colorimetric method and ELISA were used to detected activity of T cell proliferation and expression of IL-2 in spleen. The expression of NF-κB and IκBα protein was detected by Western blot. Results The ratio of tumor restriction in the high, middle, low dose of KLT groups decreased gradually. The indexes of spleen of the high and middle dose of KLT groups were higher than those in the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with the model group, the activity of T cell proliferation in the high, middle, low dose of KLT groups and the expression of IL-2 in the high and middle dose of KLT groups was increased significantly (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression of NF-κB protein in the nuclei of high, middle, low dose of KLT groups increased dose-dependently, and the expression of NF-κB and IκBα protein in the cytoplasm decreased dose-dependently. ConclusionKLT could enhance immunological function by effecting T cell proliferation, expression of IL-2, NF-κB and IκBα, while restricting tumor growth in Lewis lung carcinoma models.

ObjectiveTo investigate the technique and clinical results of curved osteotomy under the metatarsal head's cartilage for improving reconstructed metacarpophalangeal joint function of fingers with second toe transplantation. MethodsThere were total 21 cases with 21 digits. During second toe transplantation with the metatarsophalangeal joint, the bottom of the second metatarsal head was incised. Then a curved osteotomy were carried out on about 5.0 mm under the metatarsal head's cartilage until the passive range of motion could be 90°.Longitudinal or cross-Kirschner wires were used to fix the joint.Finally,the conventional methods were used to reconstruct the blood supply, movement and nerves. ResultsAll 21 digits of the 21 cases survived uneventfully.The follow-up time was ranged from 6 to 24 months.Their average passive range of motion of the reconstructed metacarpophalangeal joint was 75°,ranging from 65° to 85°.The average active range of motion was 65°, ranging from 45° to 80°. Postoperative X-ray revealed fracture healed well without joint degeneration. ConclusionCurved osteotomy under the metatarsal head's cartilage is an effective way to improve active and passive activities function of the reconstructed metacarpophalangeal joint with second toe transplantation.

This study was aimed to investigate effects of electroacupunture on PC6-Ne iguan and PC5-Jians hi points on heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) in fear emotion. A total of 120 healthy volunteers were randomly allo-cated into the acupuncture group and control group, with 60 cases in each group. After 20 min frightening audio stimulation, volunteers in the acupuncture group received electroacupunture on PC6 and PC5 of both sides for 20 min and continued to repose for 20 min after needles were removed. Volunteers in the control group reposed for 40 min in the waking state. The heart rate and HRV of each subject was recorded during the whole process through Actiheart. The results showed that the experiment data was divided into two parts, rate rise and decreased or un-changed parts, after listening to audio and analyzed, respectively. Compared to the period of listening for 20 min, there were significant differences on average heart rate, HF, LF/HF of the post listening period between the acupunc-ture group and the control group (P < 0.05). There were significant differences on average heart rate, RMSSD, HF under the condition of heart rate decreasing or unchanging after 20 min (P < 0.05). It was concluded that elec-troacupunture on PC6 and PC5 had immediate regulating and post effects on autonomic nerve and bidirectional regu-lations of the plant nerve function disorder caused by fear, which can treat diseases through excitatory or inhibitory vagus nerve function.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of the Weishule granule therapy with rabeprazole particles associ-ated chronic stomach .Methods 488 cases of chronic gastritis were divided into treatment group and control group .Control group:oral rabeprazole enteric-coated capsules ,1 time/d ,20 mg/times ;treatment groups :on the basis of additional services Weishule granules ,3 times/d ,10 g/times ,three weeks for a course respectively .The efficacy of two diseases ,endoscopy and TCM syndromes were compared .Results The treatment effect among functional dyspepsia ,gastritis treatment group and the control group had statistically difference (P<0.01);The treatment effect between atrophic gastritis treatment group and the control group was statistically difference (P<0.05);The efficacy of endoscopic lesions between the treatment group and the control group was statistically difference (P<0.05) .TCM syndrome ,the liver and stomach damp-heat syndrome ,Fan Wei qi syndrome treatment group and the control group ,had statistically difference (P<0.01) ,stomach meridian blood stasis ,spleen deficiency syndrome ,cold and heat mixture syndrome treatment group and the control group had statistically difference (P<0.05) .Conclusion The effective rate and cure rate of Weishule granule combined rabeprazole azole in patients with chronic stomach trouble was better with less adverse reactions .

Objective To evaluate the effect of virtual reality on motor function in patients with stroke. Methods PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals and Wanfang Data were searched for the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of virtual reality on motor function in patients with stroke from the date of establishment to January 2013. The included studies were evaluated according to the method recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. RevMan 5.0 software was used to analyze the extracted data. Results 20 trials were included (13 trials about the upper extremity function and 7 trials about the lower extremity function). Compared with conventional training, the virtual reality training significantly increased the score of Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) (WMD=4.27, 95%CI: 2.47~6.06, Z=4.67, P<0.00001) and Box and Block Test (BBT) (WMD=9.29, 95% CI: 5.24~13.34, Z=4.50, P<0.00001). However, the results of Berg balance scale (BBS) (WMD=1.63, 95% CI: -0.83~4.09, Z=1.30, P=0.20) and walking speed (WMD=0.01, 95%CI: -0.14~0.17, Z=0.18, P=0.86) were not statistically significance for the lower extremity function. According to the Jadad Score of included studies, 16 of them were of low quality and only 4 of them were of high quality. Conclusion The virtual reality training could improve the upper extremity function in patients with stroke, but not for the lower extremity function.

OBJECTIVETo study the scientific theory on detoxification (attenuation) of Stellera chamaejasme (ScL) by processing and the impact on drug effect of ScL before and after being processed with vinegar.

METHODThe difference in ingredients of ScL before and after being processed vinegar was compared by using PHLC-MS technique. A subcutaneously transplanted tumor model of H22 hepatoma was established to compare the lethal effect and weight change between tumor-loaded mice and normal mice. After consecutive oral administration in tumor-loaded mice, the impacts on tumors and immune organs were compared before and after being processed with vinegar. Luciferase Report Gene was employed to investigate the target genes TGF-beta, AP1 and NF-kappaB.

RESULTThe LD50 (median fatal dose) of extract Zp1102 exhibited higher than that of the processed one Zp1103, that is 9. 89 g x kg(-1) vs. 16.85 g x kg(-1). According to the test, Zp1102 showed more effective anti-tumor activities in vivo than that of Zp1103 in a same dosage, with the tumor inhibitory rate 36.24% (P < 0.01) at the dosage of2 g x kg(-1) and 34.40% (P < 0.05) at the dosage of 1 g x kg(-1). At the dosage of 1 g x kg(-1), Zp1102 showed a tumor inhibitory rate of 34.52% (P < 0.05), much higher from 21.55% in Zp1103. Both Zp1102 and Zp1103 had basically no impact on the report gene NF-kappaB, besides that Zp1102 up-regulated the report gene after increase in NF-kappaB concentration and down-regulated TGF-beta, but Zp1103 can only up-regulate NF-kappaB expression without any impact on TGF-beta.

CONCLUSIONProcessed ScL extracts show less toxic than unprocessed extracts and slight reduction in anti-tumor activity, which may be related to the regulation of transforming growth factor TGF-beta.

Acetic Acid ; chemistry ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Male ; Mice ; NF-kappa B ; physiology ; Neoplasms, Experimental ; drug therapy ; Phytotherapy ; Thymelaeaceae ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; physiology

Objective To analyze the stress distributions under static loading and impact simulation in the process of tibial plateau fracture using finite element analysis,providing evidence for individualized diagnosis and treatment of tibial plateau fracture.Methods A healthy male volunteer was recruited.A 3D finite element model of a whole knee joint with ligaments,menisci and articular surfaces was generated using CT,MRI and 3D finite element software.The knee joint model was given the nature and parameters after reconstruction.According to the features of tibial plateau fracture,different operating conditions were designed.The stress distributions under static loading and impact simulation in the process of tibial plateau fracture were characterized by finite element analysis.Results Under static loads on the lateral condyle of the tibia,the stress was mainly concentrated on the front edge of the tibial plateau,especially the lateral stress.The stress on the medial condyle of the tibia was significantly increased,and the medial stress extended downwards to the tibial shaft.When the vertical stress moved towards outside,it extended from both sides of the internal and external condyles downwards to the tibia,and the value of lateral platform stress was slightly larger than that on the inside.In collisions,the stresses distributed on the neutral position were the same with the static loads.The stress on the medial condyle of the tibia was significantly increased,extending downwards the tibial shaft when it fell to the inside slope.When it fell to the outside slope,the stress on the tibial plateau was mainly distributed on most of the front edges of lateral and medial platforms,and the stress distributed on the fibula increased obviously.Conclusions The medial tibial plateau plays a major role in bearing stress loads.The stress is more concentrated on the lateral platform but distributed on a larger area of the medial platform,extending downwards the metaphysis.Therefore,small split fractures are likely to occur on the outer edge of the platform while fractures of a large fragment are likely to occur on the medial platform,even involving the metaphysis.

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in China is gradually increasing as a result of the economic development and dietary change. Since it usually takes a long time for precancerous lesions (e.g. adenoma) to develop into cancer, proper cancer screening is useful to discover and to remove these early lesions, while the patients can achieve long-term survival. Hence, developing a well-organized cancer screening system is necessary for the early detection and intervention of potential CRC. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) has been developing a community-based cancer screening program, using questionnaires and fecal occult blood test to identify the residents with high risks of CRC. These people will be further subjected to colonoscopy and biopsy for the suspected lesions. Among the 1 030 participants in Guangzhou Yuexiu District who received colonoscopy at SYSUCC from January to November in 2015, polyps, inflammation or tumors were found in 361 (35.0%) patients, in whom 13 were colorectal cancers (1.3%), 327 were polyps (31.7%), 239 were adenoma (23.2%), and 140 were prophase adenoma(13.6%). Besides, no significant difference of CRC detection rate between male and female was found (P>0.05), while the detection rate of polyps and prophase adenoma was higher in male than that in female, which also increased significantly with age (P<0.01). We envision such systematic cancer screening extremely useful to enhance the understanding of cancer screening in the public and eventually to realize the early detection and treatment of cancer.