Humans ; Tomography, Optical Coherence

As a method of financial management and control,the implementation of cost accounting has a significant influence on management of sicentific research projects.The model patterns of cost accounting in the United Kingdom,the United States and European Union,respectively can be served as practical frameworks to guide Chinese scientific research project funds in terms of accounting forms,methods and contents.Based on the understanding of current domestic development and problrms of cost accounting experiences learned from internation practices are signifcant for improving cost accounting system in scientific research projects of China.

OBJECTIVE:To prepare Baicalin proliposomes (PBA) containing sodium deoxycholate (SD) with optimized for-mulation,and to study pharmacokinetics of it in rats in vivo. METHODS:PBA were prepared by spray drying method. Response surface method based on Box-behnken design was adopted to optimize the formulation of PBA with the amount of HSPC,cholester-ol and SD as factors using entrapment efficiency of PBA as index. The particle size,morphology,leakage rate and stability of the optimal PBA were evaluated along with the pharmacokinetics of it(compared to raw materials)in rats after ig administration of 15 mg/kg. RESULTS:The optimal formulation of PBA was that the amounts of baicalin,HSPC,cholesterol and SD were 100,214, 68 and 53 mg,respectively;the predicted and practical values of entrapment efficiency were 86.42% and 84.32%,respectively, and particle size of the optimal PBA was 358.4 nm. The leakage rate of reconstituted liposomes was low and the stability of PBA was good. Compared with baicalin raw material,t1/2,tmax,MRT,cmax and AUC0-t of PBA were all increased significantly(P<0.05 or P<0.01 or P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS:PBA were prepared successfully using the spray drying method. This method is simple and easy,and the optimized formulation is feasible and can improve the oral bioavailability of baicalin.

BACKGROUND:Endogenous hydrogen sulfide can be used as a new gaseous signaling molecule, and has important signal transfer function and biological regulation effects. OBJECTIVE:To study the neuroprotective effects of hydrogen sulfide in rats with acute cauda equina syndrome. METHODS: The 72 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups. Experimental group, model group: laminectomy was performed at the lumbar 4 (L4) level of the vertebra, and a piece of silicone (10 mm long, 1 mm thick, and 1 mm wide) was placed under the laminae of the L5-6 vertebra to produce the animal model of cauda equina syndrome. Sham surgery group: a simple laminectomy was performed in L4, but silicone was not implanted. In the experimental group, 20 μmol/kg NaHS was injected intraperitonealy at 1 hour before model establishment. Model and sham surgery groups: an equal volume of saline was injected intraperitonealy. At 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after model establishment, malonaldehyde and glutathione levels in cauda equina nerve tissue were detected. Simultaneously, hematoxylin-eosin staining and TUNEL staining were performed at 48 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated that cauda equina nerve tissue was dense and regular, with complete myelin sheath, no axon sweling in the sham surgery group. Cauda equina nerve tissue was sparse, with the presence of demyelination, and partial axons and myelin sheath sweling in the model group. Cauda equina nerve tissue was tight, with axonal sweling and demyelination in the experimental group. TUNEL staining demonstrated that the number of positive cels was less in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in the sham surgery group. Abundant positive cels were detected in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in the model group. The number of positive cels was significantly lower in the experimental group than that in the model group. Malonaldehyde levels were lower in the sham surgery and experimental groups than in the model group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), but glutathione levels were higher than model group (P < 0.05,P < 0.01). These results indicated that hydrogen sulfide could decrease oxidative stress and protect cauda equina nerve in rats with acute cauda equina syndrome.

BACKGROUND:Studies have different views on the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied in stroke patients for improving motor function.
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on rehabilitation of motor function in patients with stroke.
METHODS:We searched Cochrane Central Register of Control ed Trials, PubMed, ISI Web of science, Medline, EMBASE, China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodical, Wanfang Data (from database building to July 2013) for randomized control ed trials concerning repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on improving motor function in patients with stroke. The included studies were evaluated according to the method recommended by the Cochrane Col aboration. Meta analysis was performed in qualified literatures. The extracted data were analyzed by RevMan 5.1 software and GRADEprofiler 3.6 software.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 23 trials were included (intervention group n=400, control group n=301). Quantitative analysis was conducted in seven studies, and descriptive study was performed in the remaining studies. Meta-analyses analyzed Fugl Meyer Motor Scale and Barthel index. Results showed that Fugl Meyer Motor Scale [SMD=0.48, 95%CI(0.10, 0.86)] and Barthel index [SMD=1.38, 95%CI (0.68, 2.09)] were significantly higher in the intervention group than that in the control group. In accordance with The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation, outcome indexes were evaluated, and the two indexes were graded low quality. The current evidence shows that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation appears to enhance motor function and activities of daily living of the patients with stroke. Considering the limitations of the included studies, more multi-central randomized control ed trials with large sample sizes and high qualities are required in future to verify the therapeutic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function of stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare Nimodipine hydrogel patch and to investigate the effects of different factors on the in vitro percutaneous permeability of nimodipine.METHODS: Nimodipine hydrogel patch was prepared with sodium carboxymethylcellulose as matrix.The permeation flux of nimodipine through excised mice skin in vitro was determined using Franz diffusion cell.The content of nimodipine was measured by HPLC.Accumulative transdermal delivery of nimodipine(Q) and transdermal speed constant(Js) were calculated.The loading amounts,type of transdermal enhancer(menthol,azone and oleic acid) and their content were optimized with the value of Q and Js as index.RESULTS: The best loading amount was 4 mg?cm-2.Different transdermal enhancers were found to increase the percutaneous permeability of nimodipine.5% oleic acid had the best penetration enhancing effect.The permeation of samples containing 5% oleic acid was in accordance with the zero-order kinetics.Nimodipine hydrogel transdermal patch presented high Js of 28.10 ?g?cm-2?h-1 and Q of 342.58 ?g?cm-2 in 12 h.CONCLUSION: Nimodipine hydrogel patch has good potential for transdermal delivery.

Objective:To investigate the effects of IL-18BP blockade on apoptosis of synovial cell in IL-18 induced Collagen-induced-arthritis(CIA) in mice and its possible mechanism.Methods: CIA mice were established by freund′s complete adjuvant,and divided into 5 groups:normal group,CIA model group,IL-18-CIA group,MTX group and IL-18BP group,each for 10,total 50 mice.The expression of Fas and FasL in the synovial tissue of the left posterior ankle joint taken from each group were detected by immunohistochemistry analysis.Results: IL-18BP group compared with the model group,the mice of joint swelling was inhibited,the expression level of Fas and FasL increased significantly,the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01);IL-18BP group has a significant curative effect and basically recovered to normal level(P<0.05).Conclusion: IL-18BP can promote the apoptosis of synoviocytes by regulating the expression of apoptosis genes Fas and FasL,which is helpful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of CCR9/CCL25 pathway in acute rejection of mouse skin transplantation.Method BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice were selected as allogeneic and syngeneic skin graft donors and C57BL/6 as recipients,then established a murine skin transplantation model of acute rejection.Allogeneic transplant recipient mice were injected with an AntiCCL25(2 g,as experimental group) mAb or IgG(2 g,as control group) every other day via tail vein,a total of 10 injections.The transplanted graft was scored visually daily,and then we collected skin graft and spleen from recipient mice of each group at 3,5,7 days after transplantation.HE staining was done to analyze necrosis of skin tissue Confocal and immunohistochemistry were also used to measure CCR9 and CCL25 expression in recipient skin grafts.Result HE staining indicated that there was a widespread inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin from allo-transplantation mice,and CCR9 expression measured by immunohistochemistry and confocal was significantly elevated in the surface of the infiltrated CD3 + T cells from skin grafts tissue and spleen.Neutralization of CCL25 with Anti-CCL25 mAb significantly prolonged allogra,ft survival and markedly reduced inflammation.Conclusion CCR9 was highly expressed in the spleen and skin grafts tissue of allogeneic transplanted mice Neutralization of CCL25 by intravenous injection of Anti-CCL25 monoclonal antibody significantly prolonged skin allograft survival.Our study indicates that CCR9/CCL25 pathway is involved in acute rejection process of skin transplantation model in mice were used as syngeneic and skin grit skin graft donor mice.

BACKGROUND:Under hypoxic environment, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α plays a dualregulatory role in cel apoptosis. Severity of hypoxia is the key to determine whether cels appear to have apoptosis or adapt to survive. When the cels are exposed to chronic or extreme hypoxia, a lack of protection mechanisms from hypoxia-inducible factor-1α can induce cel apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: To research the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in human lumbar nucleus pulposus of different herniated types and its relationships with cel apoptosis. METHODS: The nucleus pulposus was harvested from 60 cases of herniation of lumbar intervertebral discs, L4-5 in 41 cases and L5-S1 in 19 cases. The nucleus pulposus tissues were equaly divided into protruded and sequestered groups. Meanwhile, the nucleus pulposus tissues from another 10 cases of lumbar spine fracture were taken as control group. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and apoptosis of lumbar nucleus pulposus cels were observed and detected with immunohistochemical technique and TUNEL method. Correlation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and apoptosis in human lumbar nucleus pulposus of different herniated types was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α was visualized in each case, but it was significantly higher in the sequestered group than in the protruded group and control group (P < 0.01). Apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cels were found in al the three groups, but the apoptotic rate was also higher in the sequestered group than in the protruded group and control group (P < 0.01). Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α was positively correlated with cel apoptosis in human lumbar nucleus pulposus (P < 0.01). Overal, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor1α in degenerative human lumbar nucleus pulposus is associated with herniated types, which is the highest in the sequestered type. The relationship between hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and apoptosis is positive.

BACKGROUND:Under hypoxic environment, hypoxia inducible factor-1 plays an important role in regulation of hypoxia-induced gene expression in the intervertebral disc. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 consists of α and βsubunits, and which hypoxia inducible factor-1α determines the stability and activity of hypoxia-inducible factor-1. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in the human lumbar nucleus pulposus of different herniated types and to judge their relationships. METHODS:A total of 60 nucleus pulposus samples were harvested from the lumbar vertebra, including 41 from L4-5 and 19 from L5-S1, and then divided into protruded group and sequestered group, with 30 cases in each group. Meanwhile, another 10 samples of lumbar nucleus pulposus served as controls. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex immunohistochemical technique were used to observe the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in the human lumbar nucleus pulposus in different groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The expression level of hypoxia inducible factor-1α was (58.2±7.5)% in the sequestered group, (27.3±2.3)% in the protruded group, and (10.5±4.7)% in the control group, which was significantly higher in the sequestered group than the other two groups (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in the lumbarnucleus pulposus is associated with the herniated types, which is the highest in the prolapse sequestered type.