It is an important topic that the plague vector efficiency has been studied in plague epidemiology from the plague found out,and it is one of the key issues that we recognized the plague preservation and prevalence in nature ecological system too.Current related biological basis,technical theory and new technology research and application,and other fields have made important achievements and progress in the study of plague vector efficiency,but a systematic and standardized evaluation of vector competency and efficiency is needed in modem vector transmission plague research.It is,therefore,necessary to establish specific and valid research indicators based on the plague natural ecological system and the plague nature quality and specific scientific research purpose,and these indicators will also be able to serve the research goal,improve the credibility and comparability of vector efficiency of research results.

Objective To investigate the effects of leflunomide(A771726) on the apoptosis of the rat glomerular mesangial cells and its possible mechanism .Methods The cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells were divided into the normal control group (adding DMEM culture solution containing 5% fetal calf serum) ,A771726 group(adding 50 A771726 on the basis of control group , making it a concentration as 50 μg/mL) ,LY294002 group (adding LY294002 on the basis of normal control group ,making its final concentration as 2 μg/mL) and the LY294002+A771726 group(first adding 2μg/mL LY294002 to interfere the mesangial cells for 2 h ,then adding A771726 50μg/mL) .After 48 h intervention ,its influence on mesangial cell apoptosis in each group were measured by flow cytometry .The expression of mTOR was measured by immunofluorescence .The expression of Caspase‐3 was measured by Western‐blot .Results Compared with the normal control group ,the apoptosis rate of rat glomerular mesangial cells in the A771726 group ,LY294002 group and LY294002+A771726 group were significantly increased ,the expression of mTOR was decreased ,the expression of Caspase‐3 was increased;compared with the A771726 group ,the apoptosis rates of rat glomerular mesangial cells in the LY294002 group and LY294002+ A771726 group were significantly increased ,the expression of mTOR was significantly de‐creased ,the expression of Caspase‐3 was significantly increased;compared with the LY294002 group ,the apoptosis rate of rat glo‐merular mesangial cells in the LY294002+ A771726 group was significantly increased ,the expression of mTOR was significantly decreased ,while the expression of Caspase‐3 was significantly increased .Conclusion Leflunomide may induce the rat mesangial cells apoptosis through down - regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway ,moreover ,leflunomide may synergize with LY294002 to induce rat mesangial cells apoptosis .

[Objective]To discuss the tissue engineering method of treating bone defects through rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)'culture in vitro and make composite grafts with anti-extracted bovine cancellous bone(BCB).The composite grafts were implanted into segmental radial defects in rabbits was compared on the curative effect of repairing segmental bone defects in rabbits with the composite grafts.[Method]The purified,culture-expanded MSCs were combined with BCB in vitro according to condition of cell culture.The composite grafts were tested by scanning electron microscope.An bone defect(15mm in length) was created at two radii in each rabbit.The composite grafts were implanted into segmental radial defects in rabbits through open operation.The curative effect was evaluated by radiographic examination,histologic analysis,biomechanical test after surgery in experimental groups and control's and blank's.[Result]Roentgenographically,the bone defects that had been treated with grafts exhibited new bone formation increased with time.But the result of experimental groups were apparently superior to that of the control groups′s at 2、4、8、12、16 week after operation(P

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma occurring in the sublingual gland is extremely rare. In this report, a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the sublingual gland was presented.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenoma, Pleomorphic ; Humans ; Sublingual Gland ; Sublingual Gland Neoplasms

Objective To classify tibial plateau fractures based on the analysis of the morphology and injury mechanisms of 200 cases of tibial plateau feature.Methods We collected the X-ray and CT images of 200 consecutive cases of tibial plateau fracture in i99 patients who had been treated at our department from January 2010 to April 2011.They were 134 males and 65 females,from 15 to 77 years of age (average,45.7 years).According to the Schatzker classification,9 cases were type Ⅰ (4.5％),105 type Ⅱ (52.5％),19type Ⅳ (9.5％),37type Ⅴ (18.5％),30type Ⅵ (15.0％),and none type m.The fracture morphology and injury mechanism of each case were analyzed to propose a new classification system.Results Fractures of tibial plateau can be classified into the following five types:(a) Lateral condylar fracture and valgus injury (100 cases,50％).The injury mechanism is the axial force on the valgus and extended knee joint.(b) Fracture-dislocation injury (24 cases,12.0％).This type includes typical Schatzker type Ⅳ,and some cases of Schatzker type Ⅵ associated with lateral subluxation.Its mechanism is a compound force of valgus,varus,rotational and axial stresses.The rotational force is the key factor leading to subluxation of the knee joint.(c) Double-condylar fracture (40 cases,20.0％).This type is caused by an axial force on the extended knee,including Schatzker type Ⅴ and some cases of Schatzker type Ⅵ not associated with knee subluxation.(d) Posterior condylar fracture and flexion injury (32 cases,16.0％).This type only involves the posterior condylar plateau,and is caused by an axial force on the flexed knee.Based on the morphology,posterior condylar fractures can be further divided into three subtypes:simple split of posteromedial condyle,simple collapse of posterolateral condyle,and a combination of the two.(e) Frontal plateau compression fracture and hyperextension injury (4 cases,2.0％).This type is caused by an axial force on the hyper-extended knee.It is characterized by significant compression of the anterior plateau and intact posterior plateau.Conclusion Based on the morphological features and injury mechanisms,tibial plateau fractures can be classified into 5 types:lateral condylar fracture,fracture-dislocation injury,double-condylar fracture,posterior condylar fracture,and frontal plateau compression fracture.

Objective To explore the value of ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy (CNB) in diagnosis of thyroid nodules.Methods The clinical data of 395 patients with thyroid nodules who underwent ultrasound-guided CNB were retrospectively analyzed,and the results of CNB pathology of 278 patients who endured surgery were compared with postoperative wax pathology results.Results All patients completed CNB successfully and satisfaction rate for tissue samples was 100％.Local hematoma occurred in one case and relieved by conservative therapy.The CNB pathology results of 278 cases of patients were as follows:92 cases were malignancy,including 91 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma,lcase of medullary thyroid carcinoma; 182 cases were benign,including lcase of parathyroid adenoma,48 cases of adenoma,and 133 cases of nodular goitre and other nodular affection.In 278 patients who underwent surgery,the CNB pathology results in 273 cases,including 90 malignancy cases and 183 benign cases,were consistent with postoperative wax pathology results and false positive occurred in 1 cases,ambiguous occurred in 4 cases.So the accuracy,sensibility,specificity,missed diagnosis rate,and misdiagnosis rate of ultrasound-guided CNB for differential diagnosis of thyroid malignant nodules from benign nodules were 98.20％ (273/278),95.79％ (91/95),99.45％ (182/183),4.21％ (4/95) and 0.55％ (1/183).Conclusion Ultrasound-guided CNB has important value on differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.It is safe and effective.

Objective To establish a model of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in rabbits. Methods Animal models of venous thrombosis were made by blocking venous flow with a vascular clamp temporarily, injuring the vascular wall, and injecting thrombin in the distal vein in one side of rabbits. Then fixed the hip and knee joints of the operated sides in the flection position with plaster. 48 h later, the femoral veins on both sides were examined with the ultrasonography and pathology. Results All the rabbits survived after operation. The ultrasonography showed that the femoral veins on both sides were virtually anechoic. However, the veins on the operated sides couldn't be compressed and no flow was detected, the control sides were just the reverse. The veins on the operated side were filled with thrombus which had not adhered on the wall, but no thrombosis occurred in the control side. Conclusion A model of DVT was established in rabbits.

Objective To identify a novel pathogenicity mutation of acid alpha‐glucosidase(GAA) gene in a Chinese family with two siblings affected with juvenile onset form glycogen storage disease Ⅱ(GSD Ⅱ) .Methods The clinical and family data of two siblings presenting recurrent respiratory tract infections ,respiratory failure associated with systemic muscle weakness ,were an‐alyzed and diagnosed with GSD Ⅱ by detecting alpha‐1 ,4‐glucosidase activity .DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of the proband ,younger brother and his parents .All 20 exons and the intron‐exon splice sites of GAA gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .Mutations were detected by direct sequencing the PCR products .Results The younger brother was found to be compound heterozygous for two mutations in the GAA gene :c .1216G>A (p .Asp406Asn) missense mutation in the exon 8 from his father and c .1935C>A (p .Asp645Glu) missense mutation in the exon 14 from his mother .Conclusion The compound hetero‐zygous c .1216G>A and c .1935C>A mutations caused the juvenile onset form GSD Ⅱ characterized by dyspnea and cardiac hyper‐trophy .The novel c .1216G>A mutation may be related to the juvenile onset form GSD Ⅱ .

Objective To explore the clinical manifestations,diagnosed main points,laparoscopic trestment strategy of ectopic appendicitis.Methods The 19 clinical data of ectopic appendicitis,from April 2011 to April 2015 in our hosipital,were retrospective analysised,and we sum up the clinical manifestation,diagnosis and treatment,laparoscopic exploration indications and the technique of laparoscopic appendectomy.Laparoscopy exploration and laparoscopic appendectomy were made on all patients under general anesthesia by tracheal cannula.Results Of 19 patients,16 cases by ultrasonic examination get correct diagnosis before operation,of which the ultrasound diagnosis rate is 92.63％,3 limitations of acute peritonitis patients were preoperative misdiagno~s,they were the right kidney stones,acute cholecystitis and the right side of the annex inflammation;there were 2 patients converted to open operation,and the transfer rate is 10.53％.The blood loss of the operation is about 5-20 mL.They were ambulant after 9 hours,in full flow diet after 12 hours,and the average hospitalization time is 4 days.One patient,no other long-term complications were found postoperatively follow-up of 12 to 18 months,were poke holes in infection,and the complications of laparoscopic surgery is 5.27％.Conclusions Ectopic acute appendicitis has no specific clinical manifestation,and is easy to misdiagnosis.In the auxiliary examination,ultrasound is the first choice for the diagnosis of ectopic appendictis.Laparoscopy exploration and laparoscopic appendectomy are the ideal treatments of emergency treatment of ectopic appendicitis,and are worth of clinic application.

ObjectiveTo study the diagnostic value of sonographic “Leopard pattern” sign in breast hyperplasia.MethodsTwo hundred and twenty-three female patients in Beijing Friendship Hospital from October 2012 to April 2013 were choosen. All the cases were diagnosed as mammary gland hyperplasia clinically, and their breast ultrasound images show the breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS) grad was 0 or 1. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to their age, Group A: 20 to 35 age (36 cases), Group B: 36 to 50 age (102 cases), and Group C: order than 50 year-old (85 cases). The pathological diagnosis were obtained by ultrasound guided breast biopsy. With pathological diagnosis as the gold standard and “Leopard sign” as ultrasound diagnostic criteria, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated. The consistency between the ultrasonic and the pathological diagnosis were analyzed by Kappa statistical test.ResultThe diagnostic consistency test of the total sample of 223 cases: in terms of the ultrasonic Leopard sign” for the diagnosis of breast hyperplasia, the sensitivity was 69% (59/85),the specificity was 46% (64/138), the accuracy was 55% (123/223), the positive predictive value was 44% (59/133), the negative predictive value was 71% (64/90), the consistency was poor (Kappa=0.14,P<0.05). Group A:the sensitivity was 90% (18/20), the specificity was 50% (8/16),the accuracy was 72% (26/36), the positive predictive value was 69% (18/26), the negative predictive value was 80% (8/10), the consistency was good (Kappa=0.42, P<0.05);Group B:the sensitivity was 70% (33/47), the specificity was 49% (27/55),the accuracy was 59% (60/102), the positive predictive value was 54% (33/61), the negative predictive value was 66% (27/41), the consistency was poor (Kappa=0.19,P<0.05); Group C: the sensitivity was 44% (8/18), the specificity was 43% (29/67), the accuracy was 44% (37/85), the positive predictive value was 17% (8/46), the negative predictive value was 74% (29/39), the consistency was poor (Kappa=0.08,P<0.05).Conclusion“Leopard pattern” sign is not suitable as an independent standard in diagnosing breast hyperplasia disease.