We examined the effects of polyphenols on migratory activity of neutrophils into the hydrogel and their production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Origonol and lychee polyphenol were diluted to medium in wide-range concentrations. Each solution was added on hydrogel, and the mixture of blood and luminol was layered on it in each tube. The ROS production was measured by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, whereas the cell count in the hydrogel was quantified as migratory activity of neutrophils. The migratory activity of neutrophils was not affected, whereas ROS production of neutrophils was significantly decreased above 100 μg/ml, but increased below the concentration.

We report a case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infectious endocarditis (IE) which was successfully treated with linezolid (LZD). The patient was a 44-year old woman. She was referred to our hospital because of fever of unknown origin. MRSA was detected from blood cultures and echocardiography revealed vegetation on the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve. She was diagnosed with MRSA endocarditis according to the Duke criteria, and was immediately give vancomycin (VCM) and isepamicin. Sixteen days after administration of VCM, she had a progressively increasing skin rash. It was considered a side effect of antibiotics and VCM was replaced with teicoplanin (TEIC). Eventually, LZD was given to her at 22 days after hospitalization because TEIC was not effective. LZD alleviated the fever and diminished the signs of vasculitis due to endocarditis within a week. LZD was continued for 4 weeks with cardiac failure medically controlled, and she underwent aortic valve replacement using a mechanical prosthetic valve. LZD was injected just before the operation and continued for 15 days postoperatively, followed by oral administration of levofloxacin. She was discharged 35 POD and no recurrence of the infection had been observed at 1 year after the surgery. LZD could be an alternative therapy for MRSA endocarditis, but further examinations are warranted to determine the most appropriate regimen.

Computer-assisted polyp characterization (computer-aided diagnosis, CADx) facilitates optical diagnosis during colonoscopy. Several studies have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of CADx tools in identifying neoplastic changes in colorectal polyps. To implement CADx tools in colonoscopy, there is a need to confirm whether these tools satisfy the threshold levels that are required to introduce optical diagnosis strategies such as “diagnose-and-leave,” “resect-and-discard” or “DISCARD-lite.” In this article, we review the available data from prospective trials regarding the effect of multiple CADx tools and discuss whether they meet these thresholds.

Objective: The overproduction of reactive oxygen species leads to oxidative stress, which is related to lifestyle-related disease and cancer. Although antioxidants are considered as one of the countermeasures to oxidative stress, it is necessary to develop the assessment methodology for the antioxidant capacity which is closer to the inner body conditions. In this study, we examined antioxidant actions of plant extracts by using newly-developed neutrophil activity measurement system.
Method: Lemon verbena, Green tea, Camellia japonica and Antiallerge^® were used as plant extracts, and were diluted to medium in wide-range concentrations. Each solution was added on modified Mebiol Gel^® (hydrogel), and the mixture of blood and luminol were set onto the hydrogel in each tube. The amount of reactive oxygen species were measured by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, whereas the cell count in the hydrogel was quantified as migratory activity of neutrophils.
Result: Lemon verbena and Green tea significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas Camellia japonica and Antiallerge^® did not. The migratory activity of neutrophils was not affected by those plant extracts. Also, damaged cells were not detected.
Conclusion: It was suggested that Lemon verbena and Green tea scavenged reactive oxygen species without causing cell death of neutrophils. This new method for measuring neutrophil activities can be applied not only for assessing the status of inflammation and oxidative stress but also as the screening system for predicting the effectiveness of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances.

With the widely spreading population-based screening programs for colorectal cancer and recent improvements in endoscopic diagnosis, the number of endoscopic resections in subjects with T1 colorectal cancer has been increasing. Some reports suggest that endoscopic resection prior to surgical resection of T1 colorectal cancer has no adverse effect on prognosis and contributes to this tendency. The decision on the need for surgical resection as an additional treatment after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer should be made according to the metastasis risk to lymph nodes based on histopathological findings. Because lymph node metastasis occurs in approximately 10% of patients with T1 colorectal cancer according to current international guidelines, the remaining 90% of patients may be at an increased risk of surgical resection and associated postoperative mortality, with no clinical benefit derived from unnecessary surgical resection. Although a more accurate prediction system for lymph node metastasis is needed to solve this problem, risk stratification for lymph node metastasis remains controversial. In this review, we focus on the current status of risk stratification of T1 colorectal cancer metastasis to lymph nodes and outline future perspectives.

Endocytoscopy (EC) is a contact-type optical endoscope that allows in vivo cellular observation during gastrointestinal endoscopy and is now commercially available not only in Japan but also in Asian, European Union, and Middle Eastern countries. EC helps conduct a highly accurate pathological prediction without biopsy. Initially, EC was reported to be effective for esophageal diseases. Subsequently, its efficacy for stomach and colorectal diseases has been reported. In this narrative review, we searched for clinical studies that investigated the efficacy of EC. EC seems to accurately diagnose gastrointestinal diseases without biopsy. Most of the studies aimed to clarify the relationship between endocytoscopic findings of gastrointestinal neoplasia and pathological diagnosis. Some studies have investigated non-epithelial lesions or diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease or infectious diseases. However, there are few high-level pieces of evidence, such as randomized trials; thus, further studies are needed.

Endocytoscopy (EC) is a contact-type optical endoscope that allows in vivo cellular observation during gastrointestinal endoscopy and is now commercially available not only in Japan but also in Asian, European Union, and Middle Eastern countries. EC helps conduct a highly accurate pathological prediction without biopsy. Initially, EC was reported to be effective for esophageal diseases. Subsequently, its efficacy for stomach and colorectal diseases has been reported. In this narrative review, we searched for clinical studies that investigated the efficacy of EC. EC seems to accurately diagnose gastrointestinal diseases without biopsy. Most of the studies aimed to clarify the relationship between endocytoscopic findings of gastrointestinal neoplasia and pathological diagnosis. Some studies have investigated non-epithelial lesions or diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease or infectious diseases. However, there are few high-level pieces of evidence, such as randomized trials; thus, further studies are needed.