The challenge of the emergence of drug-resistant influenza strains, which is caused by wide spread utilization of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), accelerates the research and exploration towards host targeted agents. In contrast to DAAs targeting viral replication components, host targeted agents, which regulate host factors and pathways linked to viral replication, can interfere the replication of influenza. Additionally, the innate immune system is activated by influenza during the early stage of infection, so manipulating the innate immune response may prevent the viral infection. However, the excessive inflammatory response induced at the late phase of influenza infection would lead to severe tissue injures. Thus, it is very important to explore drugs with anti-inflammatory actions to suppress these immune imbalances and tissue injures. Here we overview the current progresses about host targets related to anti-influenza drugs.

Animal model is very important for anti-EV71 (enterovirus 71) drug and vaccine development. 1-day-old suckling EV71 mouse model is the main in vivo model used in China. 1-day-old suckling EV71 mouse is too small to perform antiviral experiment. And the route of administration and dosage capacity are also restricted. A strong virulence EV71 virus strain was selected after screening from five EV71 strains with 1-day-old suckling mice. A mouse-adapted EV71 strain with increased virulence in 12-day-old suckling mice, EV71-M5, was generated after five serial passages of the parental EV71 strain in mice. Virus titers of EV71 infected mice heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, small intestine, brain and muscle tissue were determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay. The virus used in this model is the first isolated EV71 strain in China. And 2-week-old suckling mice were used in this model. This is a supplement for the EV71 animal model in China. Establishment of this EV71 model will provide an attractive platform for anti-EV71 vaccine and drug development.

Objective To investigate the pathogenesis role of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 in idiopathic polyhydramnios by detecting their expression and distribution in fetal membranes and placenta.Methods Twenty-one of term pregnancy women with idiopathic polyhydramnios were enrolled as patient group matched with 30 women with normal term pregnancy as control group.The expression and localization of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 in fetal membranes and placenta were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and streptavidin peroxidase immunohistochemiscal staining.Results (1)The mRNA expressions of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 were detected in amnion,chorion and placental tissue in both patient group and control group.Both aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 were demonstrated positive staining in the amnion epithelia,chorion cytotrophoblasts and placental trophoblast.(2)The ratio of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 mRNA expressions in amnion in patient group comparing to those in control group were 5.00 and 3.25,while in chorion they were 2.03 and 2.08.When compared with those in amnion and chorion of control group,there was a significant difference(P<0.01).However,the relative change fold of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 in placental trophoblast in patient group were decreased in comparison of those in control group,which also showed statistical difference(P<0.01).(3)The expression of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 protein in anmion were 7.5 ±2. 0 and 11.1 ± 1.8 in patient group, while they were 5.3 ± 1. 6 and 5.6 ± 2. 3 in control group. In chorion, the expression of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 protein was 7.5±2. 0 and 10. 0 ±1.6 in patient group, respectively, while in control group, they were 5.4 ±2.2 and 5.6±2. 1. When compared with those proteins in control group, it exhibited statistical difference (P<0.05). However, in placental trophoblast of patient greup,the expression of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 protein were 3.5±1.4and 4. 0±2. 5, respectively, which were significantly decreased than 5.6±1. 3 and 7. 1±2. 9 in control group(P< 0. 05). Conclusions The alterations of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 expressions in fetal membrane and placenta might be an adaptive response to idiopathic polyhydramnios. Further investigation should be needed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 9 expressions.

Influenza virus is a virus causing upper respiratory tract infection disease with high morbidity and mortality. China is considered as an area with high rate of influenza morbidity. Prevention and treatment of influenza currently rely on vaccines and antiviral agents in the world. In addition, traditional Chinese medicines also have been used in clinical for influenza therapy. In vitro anti-influenza virus activities of 10 traditional Chinese medicines were studied by cytopathic effect (CPE). Qingre Jiedu oral liquid (factory H) had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Guangdong Luohu/219/2006 (H1N1); Yinhuang oral liquid had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Hanfang/359/95 and A/Yuefang/243/72 (H3N2). Qingkailing oral liquid (factory G) had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Jifang/15/90 (H3N2). Qingre Jiedu oral liquid (factory H) had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Jifang/15/90, A/Yuefang/243/72 (H3N2) and virus B.

Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum inhibitor against several unrelated DNA or RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo. In this paper the in vitro and in vivo study of anti-influenza virus activity of ribavirin (RBV) injection had been reported. The in vitro antiviral activity of ribavirin injection against influenza virus A and B was studied by CPE. The in vivo protective action of ribavirin injection against influenza A/FM/1/47(H1N1) mouse adapted strain infected mouse was studied with mouse model. The results showed ribavirin injection has strong inhibitory activity against 7 virus strains tested in vitro. Ribavirin injection could significantly increase virus infected mouse survival rate and survival days and improve lung pathogen and lung index.

45 cases of childhood extrinsic asthma (CEA) were divided into the treatment group with carboxymethykited starch (CMS) (n=30) and the control group (n=15). The total effective rate of the former was 63% (P

Objective To investigate the efficacy of escitalopram combined with psychoanalysis in the treatment of refractory depression. Methods A total of 63 patients were randomly divided into escitalopram group ( n = 32) and escitalopram combined with psychoanalysis group( n = 31 ). All patients were evaluated with Hamilton depression Rating Scale(HAMD). Results After treatment,the scores of HAMD in two groups were both significantly lower than those before treatment. In the 8th ( ( HAMD ( 17.35 ± 2.98 ) ), 12th ( ( HAMD (9. 26 ±3.46) )weekend of treatment, the scores of HAMD in study group were significanlly lower than those in control group(8 th:21.97 ± 3.26; 12 th: 15.28 ± 3. 18 ). There were no significant differences in side effects between study group and control group. Conclusion Escitalopram angumented with psychoanalysis takes effects better than escitalopram single and doesn't increase side effects in the treatment of refractory depression.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Shoulder Dislocation ; therapy

Cycloheximide (CHX) inhibits protein synthesis in most eukaryotic cells and it is a well-known tool commonly used in biochemical research. In this paper, the antiviral spectrum of CHX against several DNA and RNA viruses have been evaluated. CHX showed strong inhibitory activities against several RNA viruses such as HIV-1, influenza viruses, coxsackie B virus, enterovirus (EV71) and several DNA viruses such as HSV and HCMV. Especially the strong inhibitory activities of CHX against coxsackie B virus and enterovirus caught our attention, since effective drugs available in clinic are limited. The SAR of CHX derivatives also has been discussed in the paper. The hydroxyl group at C-2' and carbonyl group at C-2" of CHX are essential for its antiviral activity. And modification to these groups results its derivatives' antiviral activities reduced or lost.

This study is to investigate the effect of recombinant human interferon alpha 2b against broad-spectrum respiratory viruses in vitro. At the cellular level, the effect of the recombinant human interferon alpha 2b on influenza A virus was detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR. The effects of the recombinant human interferon alpha 2b on influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronavirus were detected using cytopathic effect (CPE) method. In this study, the therapeutic index of recombinant human interferon alpha 2b anti-HPIV was 1476.63, the therapeutic index of recombinant human interferon alpha 2b anti-RSV was 141.37, the therapeutic index of recombinant human interferon alpha 2b anti-coronavirus was more than 2820.76, and the antiviral effect of recombinant human interferon alpha 2b was better than ribavirin (RBV). Recombinant human interferon alpha 2b has a stronger inhibitory effect on different influenza A virus RNA than drug control. The therapeutic index of recombinant human interferon alpha 2b anti-influenza B virus was 2.74, with modest effect. Recombinant human interferon alpha 2b in vitro has broad spectrum antiviral activities, low toxicity and high therapeutic index. Recombinant human interferon alpha 2b is expected to become the efficient medicine in clinical against respiratory viruses, as well as provide better services for prevention and treatment of respiratory viruses' infections.