Tunneling nanotubes(TNT) are cellular communication and transport mechanism discovered recently. TNTs play important role in immunological response and viral spread, also may involve embryonic development, regulation of gene expression and carcinogenesis. However, it was not easy to study TNT for clinical samples since intricate assay method for TNT. We suggested using histochemical assay PAS staining in cell drip to show TNT in leukemia and lymphoma samples.

[Objective]To investigate the possibility of stable expression of VEGF~65 in human bone marrow stromal cell.[Method]hBMSc were divided into transfection group, empty vector group and control group, hBMSc were infected with Ad-VEGF165(MOI=20 pfu). The hBMSc proliferation and transfection efficiency were confirmed by fluorescence microscope.The expression of VEGF165 gene of cultured hBMSc transfected with VEGF165 gene was assayed by RT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot.[Result]VEGF165 gene was amplified with RT-PCR.GAPDH gene(internal control) was located at 549 bp in the three groups, VEGF165 gene was located at 500 bp in transfection group but not in the other groups. ELISA assay showed that the expression had significant difference in the transfection group compared with the empty vector group and control group (P

Objective To explore the training demand among clinical medical postgraduate students.Methods Focus Group Discussions and a research interview,two of the qualitative study methods were applied among medical students of a hospital.Results Different clinical medical postgraduate students need different levels training.The demand status related to the students' training styles.Students had desire to receive kinds of help of hospital administrative authority.Conclusion Training guide is importance during the growth of clinical medical postgraduate students.Hospital administrative authority should afford manifold ways to satisfy the demand of students for their training.

Objective To evaluate the application effect of evidence-based nursing in reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of patients with severe head injury. Methods 100 patients with severe head injury using mechanical ventilation were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group with 50 patients in each group.The observation group explored evidence from nursing of ventilator tube,oropharyngeal and sound sects care,airway care,balloon sleeves care to prevent biofilm on the endotracheal tube(ETT-BF) to fall off,enteral nutrition care,decubitus care,ward environment and the hand disinfection of medical staff and was given evidence- based nursing.The control group took routine care.The incidence of VAP,off-line time and mortality rate of the two groups were compared during the same time period. Results The incidence of VAP,off-line time,mortality rate showed significant difference between the two groups.The observation group showed better effect. Conclusions Implementation of evidence-based nursing can significantly reduce the off-line time of patients with severe traumatic brain injury using mechanical ventilation.It can decrease the incidence of VAP and mortality rate,improve the prognosis and reduce medical cost.

Objective To study the relationship between VEGF-C,CD34 expression and thyroid papillary tumor tissue by combining assays of VEGF-C and CD34 in thyroid tumor tissue.Methods The expression of VEGF-C and CD34 were dectected by immunohistochemistry in 61 cases(thyroid papillary cancer 38.thyroid adenoma 23).Results VEGF-C level in thyroid papillary cancer(38.24±19.58)were significantly hisher than that in thyroid adenoma(16.49±9.25,P<0.01);CD34 in thyroid papillary cancer (23.68 ±9.07)/HP were higher than that in thyroid adenoma(18.70±6.34,t=4.9889,P<0.01).We found a significant relationship between the VEGF-C expression and cancerometastasis or tumor size(P<0.01;P<0.05).There was also a relationship between the CD34 expression and cancerometastasis or tumor size or age (P<0.01 or P<0.05).There Was positive relationship between the expression of VEGF-C and CD34(r=0.46.P<0.01).Conclusion It is suggested that combined detections of VEGF-C and CD34 may have important reference value on the differential diagnosis between thyroid papillary tumor tissue.

Viral etiology of tumor has been studied for a century.Seven human tumor viruses were identified over the past half century.The complexity and regularity of the pathogenic mechanisms of human tumor viruses have been elucidated preliminarily.Human genome sequencing indicated that 8 ％ of human genes were composed of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs).Owing to the findings that adult T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) can cause human adult T-cell leukemia and animal exogenous and HERVs can induce tumors and malignant diseases,the relationship between HERVs and human tumors has attracted much attention receutly.Here this article discusses the association of the expression of HERVs with leukemia and solid tumors progression,which may be an important aspect of tumor virology.

As novel organisms,tumors undergo microevolution in limited time and space in vivo.Due to genetic mutations and epigenetic mechanisms,tumor cell clones undergo linear or branching evolution.In most clinic patients,tumors develop through branching evolution pathways,causing tumor heterogeneity and affecting tumor progression.Microevolution is the biological basis for the refractoriness and recurrence of tumors and has been paid attention in research and clinic recently.In this paper,acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are used as examples to demonstrate tumor microevolution and the concept of linear and branching evolution.Questions and perspective in the field of tumor microevolution research are also discussed.

Allee effect is a phenomenon in ecology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness of population or species.It is consistent with density dependent phenomenon in biomedical field.Recently,Allee effect has been studied by theoretical biologist in detail for oncology biological research.Leukemia cells,which reside in organic microenvironment,show an obvious Allee effect.The authors compared Allee effect with density dependent growth of leukemia cells based on their work experience and literature data.No principle distinction was found between these two terms.In this paper,Allee effect in leukemia cell culture and leukemia,especially in minimal residual disease,will be discussed in the view of ecology.The association between Allee effect and leukemogenesis and relapse dynamics will also be explored in the future research.

Cell death as the partner of cell proliferation is one of the basic mechanism in cell biology. Recently, it became obscure since more and more patterns of cell death were reported. However, the classification of cell death, which was recommended by the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) in 2009, clarified the criteria. The theme of the recommendation and recent data from the literature were discussed in this review. The significance of studies on cell death was discussed.

After near a century of research,the diverse and complicated relationship between viruses and tumors has been elucidated gradually.Last century it was demonstrated that some retroviruses and some herpes viruses could induce lymphoma and leukemia in some animals.However,it is more complicated in human.During the last two decades it has been confirmed that several types of hepatitis viruses could cause hepatocellular carcinoma and the relationship between human papillomaviruses and cervix carcinoma has been established.These viral vaccines became useful tools to prevent prevalence of these carcinomas.Because of the successful inoculation of live attenuated viral vaccines all around the world in recent 15 years,oncolytic virotherapy is revived,and provides a novel strategy for treatment of refractory tumors.