OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the status quo and tendency of utilization of hypoglycemic drugs in medical insurance inpatients.METHODS:DDD was used to analyze the data of utilization of hypoglycemic drugs in medical insurance inpatients in class A grade three hospital during 2007～2009.RESULTS:The consumption sum of hypoglycemic drug used for medical patients increased year by year.The rates of increase were up to 14.04% for 2008 and 21.65% for 2009.The consumption sum of insulin increased rapidly.The rate of drug combination was 81.57% among which the rate of using two-drug was 68.66%.CONCLUSION:The new type of hypoglycemic drugs have become the main drugs in the hypoglycemics market.Domestic drug manufacturers should develop effective,safe,economical and be benefit for the treatment of complication so as to decrease medical costs and save the resources of medical insurance.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of measuring phrenic nerve conduction time(PNCT)and elicited compound muscle action potential(CMAP)of diaphragm with surface electrodes.Methods PNCT and amplitude of diaphragm CMAP elicited by unilateral magnetic stimulation(UMS)of the phrenic nerve were measured with surface electrodes and the results were compared with those measured with oesophageal electrodes.Results (1)PNCT measured with oesophageal electrode was similar to those measured with surface electrode;the amplitude of CMAP measured with oesophageal electrode was higher than those with surface electrode.(2)There was a significant relationship between the amplitudes of right CMAP measured with oesophageal electrode and those with surface electrodes,whereas there was no such relationship for the left side.(3)The PNCT and the amplitude of CMAP were not related to age,height,weight and perimeter of abdomen no matter measured with oesophageal or surface electrodes.Conclusion Surface electrodes is a useful and noninvasive method to evaluate the function of phrenic nerve and diaphragm.

Not only does autophagy play a vital role in maintaining kidney cell survival and homeostasis,but al-so it is involved in the pathophysiology of several kidney diseases. Recent studies have indicated that autophagy was ac-tivated in kidney cells during acute kidney injury and its regulatory mechanism was unclear. Autophagy activation in kidney may be associated with oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, p53 and Bcl-2 family. The role of autophagy in acute kidney injury is still controversial. Most believe that it plays a protective role during acute kidney injury. Therefore autophagy will become a novel and potential target for the prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury.

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic extraction of gardenia oils from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.by response surface analysis methodology (RSM).The duration of extraction,ratio of liquid to materials and extracting times were selected as impact factors based on single-factor experiment.RSM was adopted to learn the effects of the three factors on the extraction rate of Gardenia oil from Gardeniajasminoides Ellis.As a result,it was found that the duration of extraction was 28.7 min,while the ratio of liquid to materials was 11.62:1,and the number of extracting times were 3.36.Under this extracting condition,the average extraction rate of the oil was 13.5％ according to three validation experiments,fitting the predicted value well.In conclusion,it was demonstrated that the ultrasonic extraction method effectively improved the extraction rate of gardenia oil,providing a certain basis for the development and utilization of gardenia oil.

Objective:To investigate the recent and long-term efficacy and safety of pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head carcinoma and periampullary carcinoma.Methods:82 cases of pancreatic cancer combined with periampullary carcinoma patients admit ted in our hospital from August 2009 to June 2013 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group With 41 patients in each group.The control group received palliative surgical treatment,while the observation group underwent pancreatoduodenectomy.The operation time,hospitalization time,intraoperative bleeding volume and the incidence of complications,1,2,3-year survival rate and the recurrence rate at 1 year after operation and tumor eradication rate were compared between twp groups.Results:The amount of bleeding,operation time of observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P＜0.01),no signif icant difference was found in the hospitalization time between the two groups(P＞0.05);the incidence of complications in the observation group (41.46％) was significantly higher than the control group (22.96％)(P=0.03);the 2-year and 3-year survival rate of observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P＜0.05),the recurrence rate at 1 year after operation of observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P=0.04),the tumor eradication rate was significantly higher in the observation group than that of the control group (P=0.04).Conclusion:Though pancreaticoduodenectomy could prolong the operation time,increase the risk of bleeding and complications for pancreatic head carcinoma and periampullary carcinoma,but it could effectively reduce the possibility of recurrence after operation,significantly improve the long-term survival rate.

0.05). Compared with group A, GMBF of group C, D, and E were reduced (P0.05). CONCLUSION: Hepatic portal interdicting can aggravate the gastric mucosa damage of the liver cirrhosis rat, and famotidine can protect against such gastric mucosa injury through improving the microcirculation of gastric mucosa.

Objective To study the effect and mechanism of tetrandrine (Tet) treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods 45 SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, severe acute pancreatitis group (SAP group) and tetrandrine group (Tet group). 5 rats were randomly taken from each group 3, 6, and 12 h after operation, and then underwent laparotomy for testing. Detection targets included calciumion concentration, pancreatic acinar calcium fluorescence intensity and pancreas pathological evaluation. Results In terms of the value of all detection targets, there was no statistical difference for the control group between different time points (P ＞0.05 )while there was statistical difference for SAP group and TET group in different time points (P＜0.05). Conclusion The experiment confirms that Tet, as a calcium blocker, can inhibit calcium to penetrate into pancreatic acinar cells, thus effectively reduce the pathological damage to pancreas of the experimental rats. Calcium overload plays an important role in SAP development.

AIM: To investigate the effects of early application of thymosin peptide alpha 1 on lymphocyte subsets after operation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: Forty-six patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were randomly divided into control and treatment groups for this study. Thymosin α1 at dose of 1.6 mg was injected subcutaneously on day 1, 3, and 5 after operation in treatment group. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in both groups were counted before operation and on day 1, 4, and 7 after hepatectomy. RESULTS: CD4+ cell population and CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased, but CD8+ increased after operation in control group (P<0 05). In thymosin peptide alpha 1 treatment group, there was no statistical difference in the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ before and after operation. In addition, thymosin α1 significantly increased CD4+ cell population and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (P<0 05). CONCLUSION: Operation suppresses the immune function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Thymosin α1 increases CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in patients after operation.

AIM: To study the apoptosis induction of cyclooxygenase - 2 ( COX - 2) inhibitor, celecoxib and adriamycin (ADM) on tumor apoptosis of gastric carcinoma MGC - 803 cells, and to explore their possible molecular mechanism(s) and interactions. METHODS: The number of MGC - 803 cells was observed by MTT assay. Tumor apoptosis was studied by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry (FCM), and DNA ladder. RESULTS: MGC -803 cell number was significantly decreased with increasing dose of ADM. Cells were accumulated in G0/G1 phase and the number of cells in S phase was decreased. ADM (5 mg/L) combined with celecoxib (25 μmol/L) markably inhibited the growth of MGC - 803 cells. Significant morphological changes of typical apoptosis were observed after treatment with combined use of celecoxib and ADM. Compared with ADM or celecoxib alone, ADM plus celecoxib obviously enhanced the DNA ladder fragment revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. After exposure to combined celecoxib and ADM treatment for 48 h, MGC - 803 cells were accumulated in G0/G1 phase. There was a decrease in the number of cells in S phase as compared to celecoxib or ADM alone. CONCLUSION: Celecoxib and ADM appear to have synergistic effects for the apoptosis induction. This may be an important prospect for applying COX - 2 inhibitors to assist chemical therapy of ADM in clinical use.

AIM: To construct HBx eukaryotic expression vector pEYFP-C1-X and eukaryotic expression vector pGL3-P4 driven by P4 promoter of human IGF-II gene and to investigate the effect of HBx on the transcription activity of IGF-II gene P4 promoter. METHODS: HBx gene and P4 promoters were cloned into pEYFP-C1 and pGL3-basic vectors respectively by gene recombination techniques to construct recombinant plasmids pEYFP-C1-X and pGL3-P4. HepG2 cells were transfected with pEYFP-C1-X and the resistant cell clones were selected by G418. Then methylated pGL3-P4 was transiently transfected into the above cell clones, and the transcription activity of P4 promoter was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay system. RESULTS: (1) Aim fragments HBx gene and P4 promoter that were cloned were 465 bp and 1 246 bp, respectively and the DNA sequences were accordant with GenBank data confirmed by restricted enzyme digestion and sequencing. (2) HepG2-EYFP-X cells that expressed HBx protein were obtained. (3) Luciferase activity of methylated P4 promoter in the HepG2-EYFP-X was more than that of control cell HepG2-EYFP (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: HBx may enhance the transcription activity of the P4 promoter.