Objective To investigate the effects of repeated inhalation of sevoflurane on cognitive function in aged rats. Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats of beth sexes aged 18 months weighing 270-450 g were randomly divided into 3 groups(n=8 each):control group(C),2%aevoflurane group(S1)and 3% sevoflurane group (S2).Group C inhaled oxygen(2.5 L/min)and nitrogen(6L/min)only, while group S1 and S2 inhaled 2%and 3%sevonurane in oxygen(2.5 L/min)and nitrogen(6 L/min)100 min/d for 5 d respecfivelv. The Morris watemaze test was performed once a day for 6 consecutive clays after the last inhalation(T1-6).The swimming time and distance at T1-5 and probe time and swimming distance in the fourth quadrant at T6 were recorded. The aninlala were killed within 60 min after the last test and the hippecampus were immediately removed for determination ofthe expression of NMDAR, NRI and NR2B mRNA using RT-PCR.Results The swimming time and disl .ance were significantly longer at T1,and the probe time in the fourth quadrant shorter and expression of NMDAR mRNA hisher at T6 in group s2 than in group C(P<0.05).Conclusion Repeated inhalation of 2% sevoflurane can not induce cognitive disordel-,while 3%sevoflurane Call induce transient cognitive decline in aged rats.

Objective To assess the effects of norephrine and dopamine on renal blood and renal function in a dog model of endotoxin shock. Methods Twenty-one mongrel dogs (weight 14-30 kg) were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and intubated. Spontaneous breathing was maintained. Swan-Ganz catheter was inserted via right external jugular vein. A 18G cannula was inserted via vein of the left upper limb for infusion of fluid and a 20G cannula in femoral artery for blood sampling and monitoring of arterial pressure. Abdomen was opened and right renal artery was exposed. A electromagnetic flowmeter (4mmφin interval diameter) was placed around the renal artery for measurement of renal blood flow. Shock was induced with intravenous administration of endotoxin 2mg/kg (LPS O55B5 Sigma). One hour after iv injection of LPS, the animals were divided into 3 groups with 7 dogs each: group Ⅰ (group NE) received norepinephrine infusion 40ng@ kg-1@ min-1 for 1h; group Ⅱ (group DA) received dopamine infusion 4μg.kg-1 @min-1 for 1h; group Ⅲ (group NE + DA) received NE 40 ng@ kg-1 @min-1 and 4 μg@ kg-1@min-1 for 1h. MAP, HR, cardiac output(CO), stroke volume index(SVI), CVP, PCVP, SVR, renal blood flow and renal function (serum Na+ , K+ , creatinine, urea nitrogen and uric acid ) were measured before LPS administration, lh after administration of LPS, at the end of norepinephrine and/or dopamine infusion, 1 and 2h after NE and/or DA infusion. Results MAP, CO and renal blood flow decreased significantly after LPS administration, but there was no significant change in renal function after LPS was given. After infusion of norepinephrine and/or dopamine MAP, SVI and CO increased significantly but there was little change in renal blood flow and renal function. Conclusions Low dose norepinephrine can improve hemodynamics and maintain renal blood flow and renal function especially when combined with dopamine during endotoxin shock in dogs.

Objective To compare the efficacy of laparoscopic appendectomy(LA) and open appendectomy(OA) for perforated appendicitis.Methods From January 2002 to December 2005,40 patients with perforated appendicitis were treated at Xuanwu Hospital,20 of them received LA,and the others underwent OA.The clinical data of the patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results The operative time in the LA group was significantly longer than that in the OA group [(75.8?11.6) min vs(54.8?9.5) min,t=6.264,P=0.000)].And the patients in the LA group returned to oral intake earlier than those in the OA group [(1.8?0.5) d vs(2.6?0.5) d,t=-5.060,P=0.000].Moreover,the periods of antibiotic use and hospital stay in the LA group were significantly shorter than those in the OA group [(3.8?0.7) d vs(6.3?1.2) d,t=-8.048,P=0.000;and(5.8?1.1) d vs(11.6?1.6) d,t=-13.359,P=0.000].Although 3 patients had incision infection in the OA group,while none of the LA group had such a complication,no significant difference was detected in the complication rate between the two groups(Fisher's exact test,P=0.115).Conclusions Laparoscopic appendectomy is superior to open surgery for perforated appendicitis because of its advantages of quick recovery,short hospitalization,less antibiotic use,and minimal invasion.LA is a safe,effective,and feasible procedure for perforated appendicitis.

Objective To investigate the effects of midazolam, ketamine and propofol on spatial cognitive function and the mRNA expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B in the hippocampus of aged rats. Methods Thirty-two Wistar rats of both sexes aged 18 months were randomly divided into 4 groups: Ⅰ control group (n = 9); Ⅱ midazolam group (M, n = 8);Ⅲ propofol group (P, n = 7) and Ⅳ ketamine group (K, n = 8). The animals received intraperitoneal (IP) midazolam 30 mg?kg-1 or propofol 60 mg ?kg-1 or ketamine 80 mg?kg-1 once a day for 3 days whereas the animals in control group received IP normal saline 2 ml instead. One day after the last drug administration the animals underwent Morris water maze test 4 times a day for 3 consecutive days. The animals were killed at 1h after last test and the brains were immediately removed for determination of NR1 and NR2B mRNA expression in the hippocampus using RT-PCR.Results The latency period and swimming distance were significantly shorter on the 3rd day of water maze test than on the 1st day in control group and group K, P. The latency period on the 1st day was significantly longer in group K than in control group. The NR1 mRNA expression in group M was significantly higher while the NR2B mRNA expression in group K and P was significantly lower than that in control group (P

Objective To investigate the effects of medullary reaming on respiratory and circulatory system in dog model during total hip replacement. Methods Twelve mongrels were randomly divided into two groups. In control group, femoral necks were cut while femoral canals were not disturbed. In experimental group, femoral canals were reamed with femoral rasps as done in total hip replacement. The changes of hemodynamics and pulmonary function were monitored during perioperative period. The postmortem pulmonary tissues were studied by pathological examination. Results No fat embolus was found in any lung sections of control group. Meanwhile, pulmonary fat emboli were found in all of experimental group. After fat embolism happened, cardiopulmonary effects included increased pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary shunt and pulmonary vascular resistance accompanying a decrease in partial pressure of oxygen and cardiac output. There is statistically significant difference in response between the two groups. Conclusion The present study showed that embolic events and intraoperative pulmonary impairment are common during reaming of femoral medullary canal in total hip replacements. Further research can be made with this model in order to reduce the risk of fat embolism syndrome.

Objective To investigate the remote liver injury induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and the mechanism of liver protection afforded by methylene blue (MB) Methods Thirty-two rabbits weighing 2.3-2.9 kg were randomly divided into four groups: (1) normal group in which sham operation was performed; (2) I/R group in which intestinal I/R was produced by clamping anterior mesenteric artery for 1 hour; (3) in treatment group A MB 3 mg?kg-1 was given iv immediately ofter before declamping and (4) in treatment group B MB 15 mg?kg-1 iv was given. Common carotid artery was cannulated for direct continuous blood pressure monitoring. Blood samples were taken before anterior mesenteric artery occlusion, immediately after and 30 min, 1 h and 2 h after decalmping for determination of blood MDA concentration. At the end of the experiment a small piece of hepatic tissue was obtained for determination of its superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XO) and MDA levels.Results In I/R group blood MDA level increased significantly after I/R as compared with the baseline value before I/R and blood pressure decreased significantly after I/R, while in treatment group A and B there was no significant increase in blood MDA level after I/R. In I/R group liver MDA level was significantly higher than that in normal group, but there was no significant difference in liver MDA level between normal group (group 1) and treatment groups (group 3,4) .Conclusion Methylene blue can reduce the generation of ROS during intestinal I/R and protect liver from ROS-induced injury.

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal medicine for prevention and treatment of acute radiation oropharyngeal inflammation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods:120 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were randomly divided into an experiment group of 60 cases treated with Chinese herbal medicine and a control group of 60 cases with gargling of Dobell's solution.The incidence rate and the extent of radiation oropharyngeal inflammation,total therapeutic time and short-term therapeutic effect in both groups were investigated.Results:There was no oropharyngeal inflammation of grade 0 in both groups. The incidence rate of radiation oropharyngeal inflammation in the experiment group was significantly lower and the effective rate was significantly higher than those in the control group(P0.05).Conclusion:Chinese herbal medicine combined with radiotherapy can relieve acute radiotherapy oropharyngeal inflammation in the patient of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with no significant adverse reaction and do not influence the short-term therapeutic effect.

ObjectiveTo explore the sensitivity of cancer stem cells to chemotherapy in human pancreatic carcinoma.MethodsPANC-1 ceils were cultured in an incubator filled with 5％ CO2 at a temperature of 37℃,and were labeled with Hoechst 33342.The SP analysis and sorting were performed using a FACSVantage SE.RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of human CD133 ABCG2 and Notch1.SP and non-SP cells from the PANC-1 cell line were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 1,10,or 100 μg/ml) or gemcitabine (10,100,or 1000μg/ml),and the cell viability was determined using the MTT assay.The sensitivity of sorted tumor cells to chemotherapeutics was determined in NOD/SCID mice model.ResultsSP cells were found to have higher drug-resistance both in vivo and in vitro and higher levels of mRNA expression for CD133,ABCG2 and Notch1,when compared to non-SP ceils.The xenografted tumors derived from injected SP cells and treated with gemcitabine had more CD133± cells than the untreated group.ConclusionsThe SP of PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells are enriched with highly gemcitabine-resistant CSCs and determine the carcinogenesis of the PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells.

This study is to investigate the amelioration effect of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone on the changes of learning and memory abilities in rat model of depression. In the present study, a 35-day rat chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model was used to observe both depression-like behaviors with sucrose preference test and open-field test and learning and memory-associated behaviors with Morris water maze test. A total of 45 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups of equal size: control group (CON); CUS group (CUS); CUS + mifepristone group (CM). Animals in CM group were first exposed to CUS for 14 days, and then were administered with 50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) of mifepristone with continued CUS procedure. Corticosterone EIA Kit was used to detect the concentration of plasma corticosterone (CORT). Nissl staining was used to observe the structure of hippocampus. The results demonstrated that CUS exposure induced both depressive-like and learning and memory-associated behaviors and these deficits were reversed by mifepristone. Compared to CON group, the concentration of plasma CORT increased significantly in CUS group. CUS exposure damaged the structure of hippocampus, whereas mifepristone had an amelioration effect. Together, the structural deficits of hippocampus resulting from long-term stress exposure, which could contribute to the impairment of learning and memory in depression, are reversed by the GR receptor antagonist mifepristone.

Objective To evaluate and compare the histamine-releasing,potencies of cis-atracurium and atracurium during induction of general anesthesia.Methods Forty-five ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 16-71 yr undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15 each):group Ⅰcis-atracurium (stored at 4-8℃)(group CIS1);groupⅡcis-atracurium (stored at room temperature)(group CIS2) and group Ⅲ atracurium (stored at 4-8℃)(group ATR).Anesthesia Was induced with TCI of propofol (Cp 3 μg/ml) and remifentanil (Ce 3-5 ng/ml).A bolus of cis-atracurium 0.15 mg/kg or atracurium 0.75 mg/kg Was given iv over 5-10 s as soon as the patients lost consciousness.Neuro-muscular block was monitored with TOF-Watch(R) SX(Organon,the Netherlands).Single stimulation (0.1 Hz) was apphed to the ulna nerve at wrist.The maximal degree of N-M block,onset time,duration of action and recovery index were recorded.The patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated when N-M block reached the maximal degree.The intubation condition Was evaluated.MAP and HR were continuously monitored.Changes in skin were scored (0=no change,Ⅰ=flushed>120 s,Ⅱ=erytbema,Ⅲ=urticaria).Blood samples were obtained before (T0,baseline),at 2 min after induction of anesthesia with TCI of propofol and remifentanil (T1) and 2 and 5 min after CIS/ATR administration (T2,T3) for determination of plasma histamine concentration using enzymatically amplified immunoassay.Results The onset time was significantly longer and the duration of action was significantly shorter in group CIS1 than in group ATR.The maximal degree of N-M block was 100%and the intubation condition was excellent in group CIS1 and ATR.There wag no significant difference in the recovery index between group CIS1 and ATR.The onset time was significantly longer and duration of action shorter in group CIS2 than in group CIS1.There was no significant difference in recovery index between group CIS1 and CIS2.There was no significant change in plasma histamine concentration at T1-3 as compared with the baseline at T0 in group CIS1 but plasma histamine concentration was significantly increased at T2,3 in group ATR.MAP was significantly decreased after induction of anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil,but CIS and ATR did not significantly change MAP.Conclusion The onset time is longer and duration of action is shorter after cis-atracurium than afar atracurium.The N-M block induced by cis-atracurium is significantly attenuated if stored at the room temperature.Cis-atracurium does not cause histamine release.