OBJECTIVEWe aim to explore the central auditory nervous system (CANS) functioning in children with nonsyndromic cleft palates by analyzing the auditory evoked potentials and event-related potentials (ERP).

METHODSA total of 34 children with nonsyndromic cleft palates were recruited as subjects, and 27 normally developed children were selected as the normal controls. Auditory brainstem response (ABR), middle latency response (MLR), and mismatch negativity (MMN) of ERP were selected as indices to observe the function of CANS in children in both groups.

RESULTSAstatistically significant difference between the groups was obtainedin the MMN recording (F = 227.69, P < 0.01), whereas no significant group differences were obtained in the ABR and MLR results (P > 0.05). Children with nonsyndromic cleft palates showed diminished MMN responses compared with the normal controls, whereas ABR and MLR were within the normal range.

CONCLUSIONChildren with nonsyndromic cleft palates are at risk of central auditory discrimination dysfunction. The significant abnormal event-related potentials recorded in children with cleft palates suggest that the dysfunction of CANS maybe located at the cortical level and normal function of CANS was located at the brain stem and sub-cortical level.

Objective To study a nucleic acid extraction method suitable for detecting methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by PCR method .Methods Under different incubation conditions ,MRSA was cracked by lysozyme ,lysostaphin or chel‐ex100R resin for obtaining DNA ,then the target gene was detected by using the PCR method .Results DNA was obtained by sim‐ultaneously using lysozyme ,lysostaphin and chelex100R resin solution ,the obtained Ct value was significantly lower than that of the other components of schizolysis solutions when PCR was used to detect mecA gene of obtained DNA .There was no statistically sig‐nificant difference between adopting the 56 ℃ one‐step method and the 37 ℃ and 56 ℃ two‐step method for conducting MRSA schizolysis(P> 0 .05) ,but the steps were simplified .Conclusion Incubating MRSA in solution containing lysozyme ,lysostaphin , chelex100R resin for 30 min at 56 ℃ is the convenient and efficient schizolysis method to extract DNA ,which can be used immedi‐ately for the next step of PCR and lays the foundation for PCR rapid detection of clinical MRSA infection .

Objective To investigate the prevalence, accessory gene regulator (agr) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec, only for methicillin resistantS. aureus, MRSA) types of theS. aureus strains carrying toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst) and/or panton-valentine leukocidin (pvl) genes.Methods Nine hundred and sixteen isolates ofS. aureus were collected from seven hospitals in Shanghai and Zhejiang Province and subjected to detection oftst,pvl,mecA andmecC genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Theagr and SCCmec (only for MRSA) types were determined in thetst orpvl gene positive isolates.Results Of the 916 isolates, 208 carriedtst gene (22.7%), 35 harboredpvl gene (3.8%), and 665 weremecA positive (MRSA). No isolate was mecC positive. Out of the 665 MRSA isolates, 198 hosted thetst gene (29.8%). The most commonagr and SCCmec types were agr 2 (97.0%) and SCCmec II (94.4%), respectively. For thepvl gene, only 14 isolates were positive (2.1%). Theagr 1 (85.7%), SCCmecIII (42.9%) and SCCmec IVa (28.6%) were the most commonagr type and SCCmec type. In the 251 methicillin-sensitiveS. aureus (MSSA) isolates, 10 carriedtst gene (4.0%) and 21 carriedpvl gene (8.4%). The prevalence oftst gene in MRSA was higher than that in MSSA, while the prevalence ofpvlgene was just the opposite. However, the prevalence ofpvlgene in MRSA isolates from Zhejiang Province was higher than that in the MRSA isolates from Shanghai (P<0.05).Conclusions The prevalence oftst gene in MRSA is signiifcantly higher than that in MSSA. The prevalence ofpvlgene is low in theS. aureus isolates studied. However, clinicians should pay close attention to these strains due to the implication of PVL toxin in some
severeS. aureus infections.

Objective:To explore the protective effect of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on the prognosis of rats suffering from cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) under different treatment timings.Methods:The method of percutaneous epicardial electrical stimulation was used to establish CA model of rat. Fifty-three male SD rats were randomly (random number) divided into the sham group ( n=5), CPR group ( n=12), PRE group ( n=12), POST5 group ( n=12) and POST30 group ( n=12). The sham group did not experience CA/CPR. VNS treatment was started at 30 min before CA (PRE group, n=12), 5 min after recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (POST5 group, n=12), and 30 min after ROSC (POST30 group, n=12) in different VNS-treated group, respectively. The electrical stimulation was applied to the vagus nerve for 30 min with a unified parameter. The neurological deficit scores at 24, 48, and 72 h after ROSC were recorded, and the survival rate in each group was observed. TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis of cortical area and the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in brain tissue was measured by immunofluorescence at 72 h after ROSC. Variables were compared with one-way analysis of variance, and survival for Kaplan-Meier curves were tested with the log-rank test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:Compared with the CPR group (survival rate 33.33%), both pre-treatment (survival rate 75%) and post-treatment of VNS (POST5 group survival rate 75% and POST30 group survival rate 83.33%) significantly improved the 72 h survival rate after CPR ( P<0.05), mitigated neurological deficits after ROSC, reduced the positive rate of apoptosis neurons, and up-regulated the expression of α7nAChR in cerebral cortex. There was no significant difference among the VNS-treated groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:Both pre-treatment and post-treatment of VNS can play a protective role in rats after CA/CPR, which may be related to the activation of α7nAChR-mediated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects.

Objective To investigate the drug resistance situation and Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec(SCCmec) genotypes of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (M RSA ) strains isolated from Shang-hai Putuo District People′s Hospital in order to provide a theoretical basis for predicting the trend of drug re-sistant bacterial strains and clinical treatment and prevention of MRSA .Methods Three hundreds and eighty clinically isolated MRSA strains in this hospital were collected from January 2012 to December 2016 .The in vitro drug susceptibility test was performed by adopting the broth microdilution method .The SCCmec geno-types were examined by adopting the multiplex polymerase chain reaction .Results All strains were sensitive to linezolid and vancomycin ,the sensitivity rate was 100 .0％ ;the resistance rates to rifampicin and cotrimox-azole were lower ,which were 5 .0％ and 7 .6％ respectively ;but the strains were highly resistant to erythromy-cin ,levofloxacin and tetracycline ,with the resistance rate of 100 .0％ ,94 .2％ ,93 .4％ and 90 .0％ .The resist-ance rate to penicillin was 100 .0％ .Among 380 strains of MRSA ,there were 281 strains(73 .9％ ) of SCCmecⅡ ,59 strains (15 .5％ ) of SCCmecⅢand 5 strains (1 .3％ ) of SCCmecⅣa ,other 35 strains(9 .2％ ) of MRSA could not be classified .Conclusion M RSA strains isolated in the Shanghai Putuo District People′s Hospital are mainly the type SCCmecⅡ ,w hich has the multi-drug resistant characteristics ,and the drug resistance spec-trum of different SCCmec genotypes is different .

Objective To establish the cardiac arrest (CA) model in rats by modified transcutaneous electrical stimulation on epicardium. Methods This study was performed in the Emergency Medicine laboratory in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. After 10 Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 330-380 g were anesthetized, two acupuncture needles connected to the anode and cathode of a stimulator were transcutaneously inserted into the epicardium as electrodes. The puncture points were located quantitatively according to the anatomical structure of the rat chest. The electrical stimulation was maintained for 3 minutes to induce ventricular fibrillation(VF). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) included chest compressions, intravenous adrenaline and defi brillation operated at 6 min after a period of nonintervention. Results CA was induced after the implement of the effective electrical stimulation in all ten rats in this experiment. The average current intensity to induce VF was (1.80 ± 0.59) mA, the average time to induce CA was (5.07 ± 2.37)s,the average time of the total electrical stimulation was(187.50 ± 12.75)s and the total time of CA was 6 min. At the end of the electrical stimulation, 9 rats presented VF and 1 rat showed pulseless electrical activity. The restoration of spontaneous circulation was achieved in all 10 rats. The average time of CPR was(190.90±68.60) s, the mean numbers of defi brillation were(1.20 ± 0.63) , and he average number of adrenaline application were (1.20 ± 0.42) times. Neither visible hemorrhage on epicardium nor gross pulmonary congestion was observed. Conclusions The modified transcutaneous electrical stimulation on epicardium to produce CA model in rats is an easily applicable and effective technique. This model may provide an alternative for experimental research of CPR.

Objective : To investigate possible functional disorders of central auditory processing and language in school-age children with cleft palate through an assessment of the characteristics of the P300 and N400 event-related potentials (ERPs). Methods : This study included 28 school-age children with cleft palate, aged 6 to 12 years, and 30 children without cleft palate as a control group. The P300 and N400 ERPs were selected as indexes of the central auditory processing and language functions of children in both groups. The data were statistically compared between the two groups. Results : Compared with the controls, the children with cleft palate showed a significantly prolonged P300 latency (331.73 ± 14.94 ms vs. 348.64 ± 14.66 ms, P < 0.05) and a significantly decreased P300 amplitude (13.47 ± 2.24 μV vs. 12.07 ± 2.46 μV, P < 0.05). Similarly, the N400 latency of children with cleft palate was significantly prolonged compared to that of controls (431.07 ± 17.90 ms vs. 408.23 ± 18.04 ms, P < 0.05), and the N400 amplitude was significantly decreased compared to that of controls (13.75 ± 2.12 μV vs. 15.17 ± 2.34 μV, P < 0.05). Conclusion School-age children with cleft palate may have central auditory processing disorders and language dysfunctions.

Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis through targeting damaged mitochondria for mitophagy. Accumulating evidence suggests that the acetylation modification of the key mitophagy machinery influences mitophagy level, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, our study demonstrated that inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) by treatment of HDACis activates mitophagy through mediating Parkin acetylation, leading to inhibition of cervical cancer cell proliferation. Bioinformatics analysis shows that Parkin expression is inversely correlated with HDAC2 expression in human cervical cancer, indicating the low acetylation level of Parkin. Using mass spectrometry, Parkin is identified to interact with two upstream molecules, acetylase acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) and deacetylase HDAC2. Under treatment of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), Parkin is acetylated at lysine residues 129, 220 and 349, located in different domains of Parkin protein. In in vitro experiments, combined mutation of Parkin largely attenuate the interaction of Parkin with PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and the function of Parkin in mitophagy induction and tumor suppression. In tumor xenografts, the expression of mutant Parkin impairs the tumor suppressive effect of Parkin and decreases the anticancer activity of SAHA. Our results reveal an acetylation-dependent regulatory mechanism governing Parkin in mitophagy and cervical carcinogenesis, which offers a new mitophagy modulation strategy for cancer therapy.