Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common cerebrovascular disease,its disability and mortality rates are higher.It has been confkmed that early brain injury (EBI) and cerebral vasospasm (CVS) are the major pathophysiological mechanisms of causing neurological dysfunction and death after SAH.There are a variety of factors of causing CVS and EBI,including nitric oxide,endothelin,oxyhemoglobin,and proinflarnmatory cytokines.A large number of animal experiments and clinical research have confrmed that statins have neuroprotective effects.This article reviews the neuroprotective effects and its mechanisms of statins in SAH

The antimicrobial peptide magainin II is expressed in the skin of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, and exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity as well as tumoricidal properties at low concentrations. In addition, magaininII plays a synergistic role during antimicrobial and tumoricidal processes with another antimicrobial peptide PGLa that is also expressed in Xenopus laevis. The optimized cDNA sequence of magainin II and magainin II-PGLa hybrid peptide according to E. coli or Pichia pastoris codon usage frequency were synthesized and sub-cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pGEX and Pichia pastoris secreted expression vector pPIC9k. The resulting recombinant plasmids were named as pGEX-magainin II and pPIC9k-magainin II-PGLa. The GST-magainin II fusion protein was highly expressed in E. coli. Furthermore, magainin II was successfully purified by digestion with PreScission Protease to cleave the GST tag. Additionally, our data obtained from the ELISA revealed that magainin II -PGLa hybrid peptide was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. These experiments establish a useful system for further studies of these antimicrobial peptides.
Animals ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Magainins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Peptides ; genetics ; metabolism ; Pichia ; metabolism ; Plasmids ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Xenopus Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Xenopus laevis

Objective To establish a rabbit posttraumatic acute diffuse brain swelling (PADBS) model and investigate the mechanism of action.Methods Fifty New Zealand rabbits were assigned to control group (n =10) and model group (n =40) according to random number table.The animal model of sinus balloon compression was established under intracranial pressure monitoring by using intracranial pressure probe.The model group was subdivided equally at 1.5 hours after compression,1.5 hours after decompression,3 hours after decompression and 4.5 hours after decompression,for which intracranial pressure,brain water content,pathological mechanism and ultrastructure were measured dynamically.Results The success rate of modeling was 83％ (33/40).Intracranial pressure was (4.9 ± 0.8)mmHg in control group,(50.1 ± 4.3) mmHg in 1.5 hours after compression group,(45.2 ± 1.7) mmHg in 1.5 hours after decompression group,(48.6 ± 2.2) mmHg in 3 hours after decompression group,and (59.1 ±2.5)mmHg in 4.5 hours after decompression group (P ＜0.05).Brain water content was (75.0 ± 0.6) ％ in control gorup,(76.7 ± 0.8) ％ in 1.5 hours after compression group,(77.3 ± 0.5) ％ in 1.5 hours after decompression group,(78.5 ± 0.6) ％ in 3 hours after decompression group,and (79.4 ± 0.7) ％ in 4.5 hours after decompression group (P ＜ 0.05).Vasogenic brain oedema was seen 1.5 hours after decompression.Cytotoxicity brain swelling generated with brain tissue destroyed 3 hours after decompression.The vicious cycle of high intracranial pressure and brain tissue destruction occurred 4.5 hours after decompression.Conclusion Under intracranial pressure probe monitoring,the rabbit model of PADBS by sinus balloon compression has stable pressure of the sinus balloon and has good reliability and repeatability,which provides a reliable evidence for further study on the possible mechanism and treatment methods of PADBS.

Objective To ascertain whether the growth inhibitor in conditioned medium from cultured rabbit arte rial cells is distinct from TGF-β. Methods Rabbit aortic smooth muscle ceils were grown from explained segments of the aorta. Conditioned medium from cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle ceils and anti-TGF-β were employed in this study. Smooth muscle cell proliferation was measured by XTT detection (Boehringer Mannheim). Results Acidified conditioned medium from smooth muscle ceils had significantly stronger effects of growth inhibition than controls, and anti-TGF-β did not affect the growth inhibitory effect of conditioned medium from cultured rabbit arterial smooth muscle cells. Conclusion The growth inhibiting substance in conditioned medium from cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells is distinct from TGF-β.

This study is to evaluate the curative effect of repairing the flexor tendons defect in the fibroosseous sheath by transferring the near flexor digitorum superficial tendons. Thirty-two cases (39 fingers) with acute flexor tendon defect in Zone I were repaired by transferring the flexor digitorum superficial tendons. Early protected passive motion was advocated postoperatively. All cases were followed up for 11 to 23 months. The outcome of fingers were excellent in 24,good in 12 and fair in 3 by TAM score. The percentage of excellent and good outcome was 92. 3%. Microrepair of fresh flexor tendons defect in Zone II by transferring flexor digitorum superficial tendons combined with early protected passive motion can prevent the adhension of tendons effectively and restore finger function earlier.

Objective: To identify 5 specimens of C.tubulosa(Schenk) R.Wight on different parasitifers,and explore the relationship between electrophoretic fingerprint and identification on soluble-protein,meanwhile providing data for establishing electrophoresis pattern library of Chinese crude drugs.Methods: The electrophoretic characteristics of soluble-proteins from 5 specimens of C.tubulosa(Schenk) R.Wight on different parasitifers were studied with SDS-PAGE.Results: It indicated that reproducible and high resolvable electrophoresis patterns of soluble proteins of C.tubulosa(Schenk) R.Wight on different parasitifers by SDS-PAGE.Their degrees of polymorphism were 55.56%.Conclusion: Each specimen had its own unique band pattern distinguish from the others.The electrophoresis pattern of SDS-PAGE of soluble proteins can be regarded as protein fingerprints for identification of C.tubulosa(Schenk) R.Wight on different parasitifers.

Studying effects of 50 Hz sinusoidal electromagnetic fields (SEMFs) with different intensities on peak bone mass (PBM) of rats may provide a theoretical basis for application of electromagnetic clinical field. 30 female SD rats, 6 weeks of age, were randomly divided into three groups: the control group, 0.1 mT electromagnetic field group (EMFs) and 0.6 mT EMFs. The EMFs groups were treated for 3 h/day. After 8 weeks, we examined their bone mineral densities (BMD) , measured their bone biomechanical properties, and made serum levels of osteocalcin (OC), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b), and histomorphometry. It was found that the BMD (P < 0.01), maximum mechanical load (P < 0.01) in the 0.1 mT group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and Yield strength (P < 0.05), the analyses of serum bone turnover markers and histomorphometric parameters were better than those in the control group (P < 0.05). However, the 0.6 mT group did not have significantly difference comparing with that in the control group. This study proved that 50 Hz 0.1 mT SEMFs can increased BMD, bone strength, and bone tissue microstructure. Therefore, 50 Hz 0.1 mT SEMFs can improve peak bone mass of rats.
Acid Phosphatase ; blood ; Animals ; Bone Density ; Bone and Bones ; physiology ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Female ; Isoenzymes ; blood ; Osteocalcin ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase

Objective To investigate the key technical points of microvascular decompression (MVD)for the treatment of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN)and its efficacy. Methods From July 2011 to October 2016,18 consecutive patients with primary GPN treated with MVD at the Department of Neurosurgery,Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University were enrolled retrospectively. All patients received magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)examination before procedure. The anatomical relationship between glossopharyngeal nerve / vagus nerve and peripheral blood vessels were identified. Seventeen of them were treated via suboccipital retrosigmoid approach,one were treated via far lateral approach. None of the patients were treated with nerve root rhizotomy. Results Eighteen patients had paroxysmal severe pain in tongue,pharynx,tonsil or deep ear canal and other parts before procedure. Preoperative MRA indicated and confirmed in the surgery that the offending vessels were the trunks or their branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in this group of patients. During the operation,the offending vessels were removed from the out brainstem areas of the glossopharyngeal nerves and vagus nerves under the direct vision in order to ensure that the blood vessels and nerves no longer contacted with each other. There were no complications, such as disability and death,cerebrospinal fluid leakage,and intracranial infection. All the patients were followed up after procedure;the mean follow-up period was 1-62 months. The symptom of pain disappeared completely in 17 of them. The Numberical Rating Scale (NRS)score for pain were 0. The pain in one patient was not relieved. The NRS score was 8 at discharge;it was the same as before procedure. Three patients had mild hoarseness,throat discomfort after procedure. They were relieved gradually in the follow-up period. Conclusion MVD is a safe and effective method for the treatment of GPN. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery is the most common offending artery. Preoperative imaging examination and clear decompression during the procedure are very important. The cutting off of glossopharyngeal nerves and vagus nerves needs to be handled with care.

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features and prognostic factors for thymoma with myasthenia gravis (MG).Methods The clinical and pathological data of 126 patients with thymoma and MG confirmed by postoperative pathological examination from 2008 to 2014 were analyzed retrospectively.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates;the log-rank test was applied for univariate prognostic analysis;the Cox regression model was applied for multivariate prognostic analysis.Results The numbers of patients who received the follow-up visits at 3 and 5 years were 88 and 45,respectively (the patients who were admitted before the end of October 2011 and the end of October 2009).The 3-and 5-year survival rates were 97.9％ and 91.8％,respectively.The 3-and 5-year survival rates for patients with WHO types A+AB+B1 +B2 and B3 were 98.6％/95.2％ and 90.6％/92.9％,respectively (P=0.764),and those for patients with Masaoka stages Ⅰ-Ⅱ and Ⅲ-Ⅳ were 98.6％/95.2％ and 97.4％/72.7％,respectively (P=0.791).The 3-and 5-year survival rates for patients with complete and partial resection were 97.8％/91.7％ and 100.0％/50.0％,respectively (P=0.964),and those for patients with complete resection alone and complete resection+postoperative radiotherapy were 96.8％/93.1％ and 100.0％/94.7％,respectively (P=1.000).Conclusions The major treatment modality for thymoma with MG is complete resection followed by radiotherapy according to the specific circumstances after surgery.Complete resection,postoperative radiotherapy,WHO type,and Masaoka stage may be associated with prognosis.

Aim To compare the pharmacological ac-tivity of icariin( ICA) and genistien ( GEN) against os-teoporosis after oral administration with them to growing rats and ovariectomized rats. Methods 25 mg·kg-1 icariin and 10 mg · kg-1 genistein ( equal in molar concentration) were administered to one-month-old fe-male SD rats every day for three months. Treatments at the same dosage were administered to the 6-month-old ovariectomized SD rats every day for three months. Their effects were compared on bone mineral density and biomechanical properties of femurs and vertebrae, serum levels of osteocalcin and tartaric acid phospha-tase 5b ( TRACP 5b) and histomorphometry. Results The results showed that, in young rats, icariin treat-ment significantly increased bone mineral density, the maximum mechanical loads of femurs and vertebrae as well as the bone qualities ( serum markers and microar-chitecture ) , whereas genistein treatment had little effects compared with the non-treatment control. How-ever, genistein treatment was more efficacious than icariin in preventing bone loss and deterioration of bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats. Conclusion Our data suggest that, since icariin has a higher os-teogenic activity but lower estrogenic activity, it has been found to be more efficacious than genistein in peak bone mass accrual only in young rats. In the ovariectimized rats, however, as the main force to pre-vent bone loss is the estrogenic activity, genistein has been found to be more efficacious than icariin in reduc-ing bone loss.