Objective To evaluate the pharmacokineties of ropivacaine for single sciatic nerve block in dogs.Methods Twelve healthy adult mongrel dogs weighing 14-17 kg were randomized to receive 0.5% ropivaeaine 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg for single sciatic nerve block(n=6 each).ECG,BP and HR were monitored and recorded during anesthesia.Blood samples were obtained from femoral artery before ropivacaine injection (baseline)and at 10,20,30,40,60,90,120,150,180,240,360 and 720 min after ropivacaine injeetion for determination of plasma ropivaeaine concentration(by reversc-phasc high performance liquid chromatography).Arterial blood samples were also taken when adverse reactions occurred.The pharmacokinetic parameters were eMeulated with DAS 1.0 software package.Results The concentration-time curve of ropivacaine for single sciatic nenre block was fitted to two-compartment open model in both groups.The peak plasma concentration of ropivaeaine was significantly lower in 10 mg/kg group than in 20 mg/kg group.Two dogs developed convulsion in 20 mg/kg group.The plasma ropivaeaine concentration was 12.56 and 13.67 mg/L respectively during convulsion.Conclusion Pharmaeokinetic profile of ropivaeaine for single sciatic nerve block is best described by two-compartment model.Bopivaeaine 20 mg/kg for sciatic nerve block can hardly be tolerated by dogs.

After first report of local anesthetics on cardiac toxicity was published in 1979, A lot of researches of local anesthetics on the mechanism of cardiac toxicity and its treatments were reported, and some advances were reviewed in this article during recent years.

Spinal opioids have been widely used in clinical anesthesia and analgesia. In this article, we reviews the characteristics about the clinical applications of spinal opioids, including the opioid selection, drug dosage, administration route, effects of different opioids, drug combination, associated adverse effects and so on.

As a new laboratory test for evaluation of endogenous pain inhibition,conditioned pain modulation (CPM) deficiency means dysfunction of endogenous pain inhibitory systems and higher incidence of chronic pain.Age,psychological factors and physical activity all seem to influence the individual CPM effect.A standard CPM testing way has an important role in comparison between different researches.

NMDA(N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)receptor is a kind of ionotropic receptors, which have been widely localized in peripheral somatic tissues and visceral pain pathways. The activation or expression changes of peripheral NMDA receptor may play an important role in pain occurrence. Peripheral administration of NMDA receptor antagonist can alleviate or prevent pain and enhance the analgesic effect of opiate. This method of administration can reduce the side effect of central action induced by the drug. It will be an important research direction of pain management.

Objective To evaluate the effect of gabapentin on Cav3.2 channels in the dorsal root ganglia ( DRG) of rats with neuropathic pain. Methods Thirty male Sprague?Dawley rats, aged 6-7 weeks, weighing 225-275 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group ( S group) , neuropathic pain group ( NP group) and gabapentin group ( G group) . In NP and G groups, neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction injury to the left sciatic nerve. Starting from 7th day after operation, gabapentin 100 mg∕kg in 1 ml of normal saline was injected intraper?itoneally twice a day for 7 consecutive days in group G, and the equal volume of normal saline was given twice a day for 7 consecutive days in S and NP groups. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold ( MWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency ( TWL) were measured on day 3 before operation and on postoperative days 3, 7 and 14. After the last measurement of pain thresholds on the postoperative day 14, 4 rats were sacrificed for determination of Cav3. 2 mRNA expression ( by real?time polymerase chain reaction) and Cav3.2 protein expression (by Western blot) in the DRG. Results Compared with S group, the MWT was significantly decreased, and TWL was significantly shortened on postoperative days 3, 7 and 14, and the expression of Cav3.2 protein and mRNA in the DRG was significantly up?regulated in group NP, and the MWT was significantly decreased, and TWL was significantly shortened on postoperative days 3 and 7 ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the expression of Cav3.2 protein and mRNA in the DRG in group G ( P>0.05) . Compared with NP group, the MWT was significantly increased, and TWL was signif?icantly prolonged on the postoperative day 14, and the expression of Cav3.2 protein and mRNA in the DRG was significantly down?regulated in group G ( P<0.05) . Conclusion The mechanism by which gabapentin attenuates neuropathic pain may be related to inhibition of the function of Cav3.2 channels in the DRG of rats.

Objective To investigate the effects of forced-air prewarming combined with fluid warming on body temperature and thermal comfort in patients undergoing lobectomy.Methods Forty six patients scheduled for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) of lobectomy were randomized into two groups (n=23 each):warming group (group T) and the control group (group C).Forced-air prewarming combined with infusion heating was applied in the warming group,while only conventional passive warming was used in control group.The tympanic membrane temperatures were recorded before prewarming,after prewarming, during the anesthesia, the end of operation, the moment in and out of the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).Incidence of postoperative shivering, thermal comfort and the time in the PACU were recorded.Results The warming group had a slower temperature decrease at 1,2, 3 hours after operation and end of operation(P< 0.01), warming group had significantly lower incidence of hypothermia and shivering than control group(8.7% vs 56.5%, 4.3% vs 34.8%,P<0.05),and the thermalcomfort score was higher in warming group than in control group(8.52±0.94 vs 7.65±0.83,P<0.05).Conclusions Forced-air prewarming combined with fluid warming has significant clinical effects to stabilize patients` body temperature during operations,to reduce the incidence of hypothermia and shivering and to improve the thermal comfort, which provides a simple and effective temperature protection strategy for patients undergoing lobectomy.

The influences of lactic/hydrochloric acidosis on pulmonary vasoconstriction and gas exchanges were investigated in 36 dogs. The tv infusion of lactic or hydrochloric acid reducing arterial pH to 7. 00 could elicit significant changes of pulmonary hemodynamics, including the consistent increase of pulmonary arterial pressure and the decrease of arterial oxygen saturation. It is suggested that pulmonary vasocostriction is related to arterial PH but not to arterial lactic acid levels.

Objective The double-blinded, randomly study was designed to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of ropivacaine for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSE). Methods Sixty patients, ASA class Ⅰ-Ⅱ , 18 to 75 years, undergoing elective lower limb or perineum surgery, were randomly allocated to receiving spinally hyperbaric mixture 1.5-2ml of 1% ropivacaine (group R, n=20), 0.75% bupivacaine(group B,n=20), or 1% tetracaine (group T,n=20), combined with 10% glucose 1ml and 3% ephidrine 1ml respectively,and the anesthesia was maintained with epidural administration with 2% lidocaine if necessary during the operation ,after the B-D DurasafeTM combined spinal epidural anesthesia kit was applied at the L 3-4 interspace.Results The time to maximum spread of anesthesia in group R was longer, but the recovery time was shorter than those in group T(P0.05). Additionally, as compared with ones in group B and T, the onset of motor block and the time to peak motor block were prolonged significantly (P

Objective To evaluate the effects of four different intravenous anesthetic agents on middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity(V MCA) measured with transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) during induction of general anesthesia Methods Fourty patients were classified randomly into four groups (n=10 each) according to intravenous anesthetic agents used: propofol group (group P, propofol 2 0 mg/kg); etomidate group (group E, etomidate 0 3 mg/kg); midazolam group (group M, midazolam 0 15 mg/kg) and thiopental group (group T, thiopental 5 0 mg/kg) Anesthesia was induced with one of above drugs followed by endotracheal intubation and maintained with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide in oxygen The lungs were ventilated to maintain an end tidal PCO 2 of 35 40 mmHg The V MCA, arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and end tidal PCO 2 were measured and recorded at following occasions: before induction, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15min after induction Results There were no significant differences in preinduction data (patient age, body weight, sex, MAP, HR, and V MCA) among four groups Compared with the baselines, V MCA decreased by 34 4% in group P, by 34 2% in group E, and by 31 2% in group T(P0 05)1 min after the administration; immediately after the endotracheal intubation, V MCA increased markedly in group M (P0 05) Conclusions The cerebral artery blood flow velocity can be affected differently by various induction agents