This paper is a literature review of impact of comorbidity on the executive function(EF) of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD).Over 80% of children and adolescents and 65%-89% of adults with ADHD suffer from one or more additional psychiatric disorders.EF deficits in ADHD of all ages can be demonstrated to be independent of psychiatric comorbidity.The presence of comorbid learning disorder(LD) and mood disorder(MD) appears to increase the EF deficits in ADHD which seems to be decreased by the the presence of comorbid anxiety disorder and oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder(ODD/CD).However,the comorbidity of LD,MD,ODD/CD and Tourette syndrome may have no impact on the EF deficits in ADHD.

Objective:To test the reliability and validity of the behavior rating scale of executive function(BRIEF) parent form for school age children in China.Methods:A total of 216 patients [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) or schizophrenia or autism] and 311 normal controls were involved in this research.Parents of the subjects completed the BRIEF,ADHD rating scale-Ⅳ,Conners,and Rutter rating scales.And performance-based tests of executive function were carried out among some of the controls and ADHD subjects.These tests included Rey-Osterrieth complex figure(ROCF),trail-making test,digit span test,Tower of Hanoi(TOH), and Stroop test.Results:Test-retest reliability was 0.68—0.89 and Cronbach a coefficient was 0.74—0.96 except for the initial subscale(0.61).Subscales of BRIEF were moderately correlated(r=0.41—0.64) with subscales of other criteria scales such as ADHD rating scale-Ⅳ,etc.And there were correlations(r=0.32—0.41) between subscales of BRIEF and some indexes of the performance-based tests of executive function in the control group while the correlations in the diagnostic group were negative.For example,the inhibition subscale correlated with detailed score of ROCF delayed recall test and Stroop word-color interference time(r=-0.32,0.38).The working memory subscale correlated with time for trial B of the trail-making test,numbers of backwards digit test and Stroop word-color interference time(r=0.30,-0.39,0.41).Lisrel Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 8-subscale model of BRIEF was reasonable.Compared with the control group,the diagnostic groups(ADHD-C,ADHD-I,schizophrenia and autism) got significant higher scores almost on all subscales of BRIEF(Z=-3.17—-4.17,P

The secondary hyperparathyroidism is one of the complications of chronic renal failure (CRF) and end stage renal failure (ESRD), and becomes more serious with the development of the primary disease. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is considered as one of the biomarks of the development of renal failure. The purpose of this article will expound the physiological effects of the PTH, the causes and clinical significances of PTH rising in CRF and ESRD patients, the determination of PTH level, and the relationships between the increase of PTH and the polymorphism of CYP2D6, GSTT1,GSTM1.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Tongxinluo capsules on the levels of serum cyclophilin A (CyPA) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).METHODS:A total of 115 CHD patients undergoing PCI were randomly divided into control group (59 cases) and observation group (56 cases).Control group was given conventional treatment.Observation group was additionally given Tongxinluo capsules 0.78 g,3 times a day,for consecutive 6 months,on the basis of control group.The levels of CyPA and MMP-9 as well as the occurrence of ADR were observed in 2 groups before and after treatment.RESULTS:Before treatment,there was no statistical significance in serum level of CyPA and MMP-9 between 2 groups (P＞0.05).The levels of CyPA in 2 groups 1 d and 1 month after surgery as well as the level of CyPA in control group 6 months after surgery were all significantly higher than before surgery,but the observation group was significantly lower than the control group 1 and 6 months,this index was decreased gradually as time,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in the levels of CyPA between 2 groups 1 d after surgery or in observation group between 6 months after surgery and before surgery (P＞0.05).The levels of MMP-9 in 2 groups 1 d and 1 month after surgery were significantly higher than before surgery,and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group,this index was decreased gradually as time,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in the levels of MMP-9 of 2 groups between 6 months after surgery and before surgery(P＞0.05).There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups (P＞0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Based on routine treatment,Tongxinluo capsules can significantly reduce the levels of CyPA and MMP-9 in CHD patients after PCI.

Objective To observe the effect of Tongdaosan on blood platelet index as well as nail fold microcirculation in patients with blood stasis syndrome of psoriasis.Methods Total of 60 patients with blood stasis syndrome of psoriasis were randomly divided into 2 groups,the treatment group was treated with Tongdaosan and the control group was treated with Xiaoyinpian.Results Compared with the control group,blood platelet index as well as nail fold microcirculation of the treatment group were significantly different(P

The prognosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is poor,and approximately two third patients still have obvious symptoms when they grow up into adults,thus interfering with their social functions including work,study,family and interpersonal relation etc,and even causing the mental disorders and/or antisocial personality disorder.The predictive factors of adult outcome of ADHD include genetic,environmental and clinical factors.This review deals with the adult outcome and its predictive factors,and explores the severes harmfulness against individual,family and society brought by ADHD and its underlying mechanisms so as to facilitate the clinical intervention and research.

Objective:To test the effect of extended-released methylphenidate(Concerta) on ecological executive function for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) and to evaluate the correlation between the improvement of ecological executive function and that of the core symptom of ADHD.Methods:We conducted a 4-6-week open-trial study of extended-released methylphenidate(18-54 mg/d) in 26 children with ADHD,aged 8-14 years.Ecological executive function and ADHD symptoms were ascertained by the parent form of behavior rating inventory of executive function(BRIEF),ADHD-Ⅳ rating scale and Conners short form rating scales before and after the treatment.Results:The mean item raw score of global executive composite(GEC),metacognition index(MI),working memory,monitor and inhibition subscale of BRIEF were significantly decreased after the treatment(t=2.763-3.380,P

Objective To study the new nursing method of patients complicated with urinary fistula after gynecological malignancy operation. Methods Nursing measures were provided with sufficient nutritional support and prevention of urinary tract infection by perineal nursing, vaginal plugging by OB sliver,and using endovaginal catheter to 23 patients complicated with urinary fistula after gynecological malignancy operation. Results 18 patients recovered by treatment and nursing, 4 mild cases cured after discharge from hospital and 1 patient died of MODS and multiple metastasis. Conclusions Vaginal plugging by OB sliver, perineal nursing and sufficient nutritional support have positive effect for patients complicated with urinary fistula after gynecological malignancy operation.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of hepatitis C viurs (HCV)infection and its genotypes in Yancheng area . Methods A total of 20 185 cases of subjects receiving healthy examination were collected ,and fasting blood levels of serum anti‐HCV were detected .Clinical data of patients with HCV infection were statistically analysed .HCV genotypes and levels of HCV RNA were detected ,and their clinical prognosis was judged by type‐B ultrasonic .Results The total infection rate of HCV was 1 .22% .The infection rate of male was higher than that of female and the infection rate was increased with the elevation of age .The genotype 1b was accounted for 73 .17% .The results of type‐B ultrasonic shown that all patients infected with genotype 6 and 1b/2a HCV only had liver damage .80 .77% of patients infected with genotype 2a HCV had liver damage ,which was higher than that of patients infected with 16 and 3a+3b genotypes .Conclusion Most of HCV infected patients are male ,and the infection rate might be increased with the elevation of age .The prognosis is in various different genotypes of HCV ,which indicates that the prognosis could be evaluated by genotyping .