To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two cephosporin antibiotics in the treatment of lung RRinfections. Method: The cost and effectiveness of two therapy regimens in treatme nt of lung infections were compared by cost-effectiveness analysis. Result: Ceftriaxone was a cost-effective antibiotic compared with su lperazon (cefaperazone sulbactam) to treat lung infections. Conclusio n: The analysis result showed that pharmacoeconomics was avery impor tant for rational use of drug and decrease of medical care cost.

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics of sexual behavior and HIV infections between normal men who have sex with men (MSM) and money boy (MB) in Jining city,so as to provide the basis for intervention.MethodsSentinel surveillance,VCT and respondent-driven sampling were adopted to recruit the target population,and the data was aualyzed with SPSS13.0.ResultsThe average age of normal MSM was 26.45 ± 5.8 and MB was 22.23 ± 3.3.The rates of single,marriaged and divorced about normal MSM and MB were 48.24％,45.53％,6.7％ and 85.4％,9.8％,4.9％ respectively.The educational level of normal MSM(74.8％ )was higher than that of MB(51.22％ ).MB group's rate of condom used(75.61％ ;51.22％ ) was higher than that of normal MSM ( 52.03 ％ ;32.79％ ).There was statistical significance in age,educational level,marital status and infecting rates of HIV between MB group and normal MSM group.ConclusionCompared with normal MSM,MB is the high risk population and bridge population of transmission of HIV.

Objective To master the status of"Knowledge Attitude Practice"(KAP)methodology used in China by philological research.Methods Choosing the appropriate key words to retrieve the literatures based on CNKI total library,removing the false one by intensive reading,and analyzing the valid literatures in different ways based on which subject.Results①The amount of related literatures rising steadily from the middle of 1990's and remarkably since 2000.②The over 2000 valid literatures were mostly distributed in the healthcare field,and the most common subjects related in which were disease control,nourishment,smoking control,sex,conception control,drug abuse etc.③Not all of the research reported in the literatures performed the 3 core elements of KAP, and most of the literatures did not mention about the special interference on the targets,let alone the result analysis of the interference.④There were few literature whose main topic is KAP methodology.⑤The terms used for representing the KAP concept are not standardized.Conclusion ①The KAP methodology had been introduced into China and had been widely used in many fields.but the Chinese concept and terms of which should be more standardized,and the usage of which in some special application should be more advanced.②The KAP methodology Can be used and should be useful in TCM healthcare monitoring.

Objective To explore the establishment and effectiveness of school-based training bases.Methods Two hundred forty-six nursing students having finished theoretical learning and possessing into clinical practice were divided into the control group(n=121)and the observation group(n=125).The control group received the conventional training in out-school training bases and the observation group in the school-based training bases.The two groups were compared in terms of creative thinking and the performances of nursing theory,manipulations and assessed by their teachers.Result The scores on creative thinking and the performances in nursing theory and manipulation in the observation group were both significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05)and the assessment by teachers in the observation group was better than the control group.Conclusion The school-based training base used for nursing teaching can not only improve the nursing theory and manipulation of nursing students but also improve the creative thinking.

Objective To study the role of ERK signal pathway in the endochondral ossification of bone mesenchymal stem cells ,and to explore the mechanism of ERK signal pathway in persistent enhanced FGFR2 function on development of mice BMSCs by a knock‐in mouse model with the FGFR2S252W/+ .Methods Mice with neo‐FGFR2 gain‐of‐function mutation were mated with EII‐Cre mice .The genotype of generation mice were identified by PCR and divided into wild type group and mutant type group ac‐cording to their genotype .6 week‐old mice were sacrificed to receive bone mesenchymal stem cells .The western blot was used to compare the level of P‐ERK and ERK and the RT‐PCR was applied to detect the genes of Col2 ,Col10 ,OC ,OP in chondrogenic dif‐ferentiation medium of BMSCs .Then ,treatment of cultured BMSCs with PD98059 ,compare the changes of genes and utilize the in vitro culture of long bones detect the role of ERK signal pathway in the endochondral ossification by FGFR2 mutant .Results We successfully derive BMSCs from FGFR2S252W/+ mutant mice and found the activity of ERK signal pathway of FGFR2S252W/+ was en‐hanced .After been cultured in chondrogenic differentiation medium ,the expressions of the BMSCs mRNA of Col2 ,Col10 from mu‐tant group were decreased ,while the expressions of OC ,OP were increased .Those OC ,OP genes levels showed an increased treated by PD98059 .Using in vitro culture of long bones ,we found the retardation of total length growth of long bones has been rescued by PD98059 treatment ,suggesting that ERK signal pathways was responsible for the retarded long bone development in FGFRS252W/+mice .Conclusion The results indicate these effects are mediated by the ERK signal pathway .Furthermore ,the retardation of long bones has been recued by PD98059 treatment ,suggesting that ERK signal pathway is responsible for the retarded long bone devel‐opment in FGFR2S252W/+ mice .

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of baicalein on mycoplasma pneumonia and its the protective mecha -nism in body , and to provide scientific experimental basis for prevention and treatment of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection .Methods The mycoplasma pneumoniae and baicalein treated BALB /c mice lung tissues were stained with hematoxylin eosin (HE), and his-topathological grading .Minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC) of baicalein on mycoplasma pneumonia was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) .The expression of P 1 adhesion molecules mRNA and protein in lung tissue of BALB /c mice was determined with reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot .The expression of epidermal growth factor ( EGF) mRNA and protein in lung tissue was detected by quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence .Results Baicalein significantly reduced the my-coplasma treated mice's lung tissue pathological score .The minimal inhibitory concentration of baicalein was 32 μg/ml.Baicalein sig-nificantly downregulated P 1 gene transcription and protein translation , and upregulated EGF gene transcription and protein expression . Conclusions Baicalein shows significant resistance to mycoplasma pneumoniae , and can protect the body against mycoplasma damage by inhibiting the expression of P 1 protein and promoting the expression of EGF protein .

Objective To study the inner diameter and hemodynamics of ophthalmic artery(OA)and central retinal artery(CRA)in hyperuricemia by Enhance-flow(eFlow)imaging and spectral Doppler.Methods One hundred and one patients with hyperuricemia and 30 volunteers were selected,the inner diameter in eFlow imaging and the peak systolic velocities(PSV),the end diastolic velocities(EDV),the resistive index(RI)were measured,and pulsatility index(PI)of OA and CRA were measured by spectral Doppler.The 101 patients were divided into two groups according to the time of diagnosing hyperuricemia,one group had a diagnosis of hyperuricemia for more than five years and the other had such a diagnosis for less than five years.The data were compared by t-test.Then,the patients were further divided into a group of hyperuricemia combined with hypertension and the other without hypertension.The differences between the experimental group and the group of volunteers were carried out by One-way ANOVA,the comparison between two groups were analyzed with SNK.Results The RI(0.68±0.09)and PI(1.3±0.4)of OA in patients who were diagnosed as hyperuricemia for more than 5 years was higher[RI:0.63±0.09,PI:1.1±0.3(t=3.504,P=0.001 ;t=3.164,P=0.002)],the EDV[(6±3)cm/s]of OA was lower than those patients with a diagnosis of hyperuricemia for less than 5 years[(8±5)cm/s,t=1.988,P=0.049].The PSV[(11.5±3.5)cm/s]and EDV[(3.7±1.1)cm/s]of CRA in hyperuricemia combination hypertension group was lower,and the RI (0.88±1.40)was higher than hyperuricemia without hypertension group[PSV:(13.5±4.0)cm/s,EDV:(4.1±1.2)cm/s,RI:0.67±0.08].Conclusion By eFlow and spectral Doppler,we have found that hyperu-ricemia could accelerate OA and CRA atherosclerosis.The eFlow and spectral Doppler are valuable methods to study the hemodynamics in ophthalmic artery of patients with hyperuricemia.

Objective; To investigate the cytotoxicity of monocytes/macrophages against Tca8113 cells in hypoxic microenvironment in vitro. Methods; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from healthy person^ blood and cultivated to transform into monocytes/macrophages. The monocytes/macrophages were cultured with Tca8113 cells in hypoxic microenvironment (O_2 < 1%) and in normal microenvironment (20% O_2). The cytotoxicity of monocytes/macrophages against Tca8113 cell was examined by MTT assay. Results;The cytotoxicity of monocyles/macrophages against Tca8113 cells in hypoxic microenvironment was lower than that in normal environment(P<0.05). Conclusion; In hypoxic microenvironment, the cytotoxicity of monocytes/macrophages against Tca8113 cells is decreased. Bui the mechanism of monocytes/macrophages' function in tumors need further research.

Objective To study the clinical value of nipple discharge detection in the early diagnosis of breast cancer,CA153 ,CEA levels were measured both in nipple discharge and serum. Methods 153 consecutive patients with nipple discharge in Rizhao hospital were studied,among them there were 91 cases with breast cancer and 62 cases with benign disease. The nipple discharged and serum from the 153 cases with nipple discharged were collected and CA153, CEA levels were measured with electrochemiluminescence method. Results The CA153, CEA levels of nipple discharge in breast cancer were significantly higher than the control group(CA153:t =28.949,33.844;CEA:t = 19.773,16.623, all P ＜ 0.01). The positive rate of CA153, CEA in nipple discharge were significantly higher than in the serum (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The positive rate of CA153, CEA in nipple discharge were significantly higher than in the serum. The detection of CA153 ,CEA had important value in the early diagnosis of breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the effect of mitogen activated protein kinase / extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK / ERK)1 / 2 signaling pathway on early brain injury (EBI)following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)in rats. Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into a control group and a 1,6,12,24,48,or 72 h group after SAH modeling. SAH + MEK inhibitor U0126 was used to intervene the 24,48,and 72 h groups (a total of 10 groups;n = 6 in each group). In
addition to the control group,blood was injected into the cisterna magna of the rats to induce a SAH model in another 9groups. The blood samples were taken from infraorbital venous plexus. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA)was used to detect the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6),IL-1β,and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)in each group. Evans blue content in brain tissue was used to evaluate the blood-brain barrier damage. Western blot was used to detect the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/ 2)and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)proteins in basilar artery tissue,and compared them. Results Compared with the control group at the same time points,there were significant differences in the levels of IL-6 and IL-1β at 6,12,24,48,and 72h after modeling in the SAH group (all P <0. 05). At 12,24, 48,and 72 h after modeling,the expression levels of p-ERK1/ 2 protein of the basilar artery tissue of the SAH group were 0. 73 ± 0. 09,0. 85 ± 0. 12,0. 94 ± 0. 09,and 0. 96 ± 0. 09,respectively,they were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P < 0. 05). At 48 and 72 h after modeling in the SAH group,the level of MMP-9 protein was significantly higher than that in the control group (1. 27 ± 0. 15 vs. 0. 68 ± 0. 08,2. 41 ± 0. 11 vs. 0. 71 ± 0. 14). At 72 h after modeling,the Evans blue content in brain tissue of the SAH group was significantly higher than that of the control group (15. 3 ± 2. 2 μg/ g vs. 2. 7 ± 0. 4 μg/ g). After giving the MEK inhibitor U0126 intervention,the levels of serum IL-6,IL-1β,and TNF-α at 24,48, and 72 h after modeling,and the expression levels of p-ERK1 / 2 and MMP-9 proteins at 48 and 72 h (p-ERK1 / 2:0. 76 ± 0. 07,0. 81 ± 0. 06;MMP-9:0. 92 ± 0. 14,1. 79 ± 0. 16),and the Evans blue content (8. 9 ± 1. 7 μg / g)in brain tissue at 72 h after modeling were significantly lower than those of the SAH group (P < 0. 05). Conclusion The MEK/ ERK1/ 2 signal pathway may be closely associated with the inflammatory reaction and blood-brain barrier damage after SAH,which suggests that the intervention of the MEK/ ERK1 / 2 signal pathway may be a potential target for the prevention of early brain injury after SAH.