BACKGROUND:Scaffold materials are the important part of tissue engineering bone, and the ideal biodegradation speed of the scaffold materials can be in accordance with the regeneration speed of bone formation in order to achieve a long-term stability. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the biodegradability of different types of currently available scaffold materials and its relationship with bone formation. METHODS:The PubMed and CNKI database were searched by the first author using the key words of “tissue engineering bone, composite scaffold, scaffold degradation” in English and Chinese for articles addressing biodegradability of scaffold materials and its relationship with bone formation published during January 1996 and December 2013. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Many scaffold materials under organic, inorganic and organic-inorganic categories have been available and the current studies focus on inorganic materials and organic-inorganic composite materials.In vivo andin vitro studies indicate the different characteristics and relative merits of these scaffold materials. Organic materials have a relatively slow degradation rate while inorganic materials can completely degrade but have an insufficient mechanical property. For organic-inorganic composite materials, further studies are needed.

The " three-level prevention of coronary heart disease" was selected as the search term,the domestic medical literature from 2014 to 2018 was searched in the China Knowledge Network Journal Database,and the implementation and problems of the third-level prevention of coronary heart disease in community medical treatment was analyzed.The main problems are:(1) high-risk patients with coronary heart disease have limited knowledge of the disease and cannot be treated in time;(2) community medical personnel cannot regularly and regularly screen the high-risk groups of coronary heart disease in the area;(3)patients cannot fully understand the scheme and necessity of standardized tertiary prevention and treatment;(4) the economic cost of standardized third-level prevention is high,and the compliance of treatment is low;(5)community general practitioners and cardiovascular specialists cannot homogenize the cognitive knowledge of coronary heart disease.Recommendations:(1) In community health care,it is necessary to standardize the implementation of tertiary prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.In addition to focusing on the health education of patients and regularly screening high-risk patients,cardiovascular specialists should also be designated to regularly conduct professional training for community doctors;(2) At the government level,appropriate policy assistance can be given to low-income patients who are unable to adhere to standardized treatment for economic reasons.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of MHCⅠ gene in different tissues of Rana dybowskii under the stress of Aeromonas hydrophila (Ah), and to provide evidence for revealing the anti-infective immune response mechanism of amphibians. The experimental animal model of Aeromonas hydrophila infection was first constructed, and the pathological changes were observed by HE staining. The MHCⅠ gene α1+α2 peptide binding region of Rana dybowskii was cloned by RT-PCR and analyzed by bioinformatics. Real-time PCR was used to detect the transcription level of MHCⅠ in different tissues under Ah stress. After Ah infection, the skin, liver and muscle tissues showed signs of cell structure disappearance and texture disorder. The MHCⅠ gene α1+α2 peptide binding region fragment was 494 bp, encoding 164 amino acids, and homology with amphibians. Above 77%, the homology with mammals was as low as 14.96%, indicating that the α1+α2 region of MHC gene was less conserved among different species. The results of real-time PCR show that the liver, spleen and kidney of the experimental group were under Ah stress. The transcript levels of MHCⅠ gene in skin and muscle tissues were higher than those in the control group at 72 h, but the time to peak of each tissue was different (P<0.01), indicating that the response time of MHCⅠ gene in different tissues was different under Ah stress. This study provides a reference for further exploring the immune function of MHC molecules in anti-infection.
Aeromonas hydrophila ; Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; immunology ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; immunology ; Liver ; metabolism ; Ranidae ; genetics ; immunology ; microbiology ; Skin ; metabolism

The field of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial-based cancer immunotherapy combines research from multiple subdisciplines of material science, nano-chemistry, in particular nano-biological interactions, immunology, and medicinal chemistry. Most importantly, the "biological identity" of nanomaterials governed by bio-molecular corona in terms of bimolecular types, relative abundance, and conformation at the nanomaterial surface is now believed to influence blood circulation time, bio-distribution, immune response, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking. A better understanding of nano-bio interactions can improve utilization of 2D nano-architectures for cancer immunotherapy and immunotheranostics, allowing them to be adapted or modified to treat other immune dysregulation syndromes including autoimmune diseases or inflammation, infection, tissue regeneration, and transplantation. The manuscript reviews the biological interactions and immunotherapeutic applications of 2D nanomaterials, including understanding their interactions with biological molecules of the immune system, summarizes and prospects the applications of 2D nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy.