BACKGROUND:The comfortable shoes can absorb or reduce the impact force from the ground. Is the damped system is absent in shoes to relieve the impulse,the feet will be extremely tired,even damage the human knee joint,waist,back and brain. OBJECTIVE:To measure the changes of human plantar pressure by different sole hardness through the measurement system of plantar pressure. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:An observation experiment was performed in the Shanghai University of Sport between December 2008 and February 2009.PARTICIPANTS:Six volunteers wearing the experimental designed shoes were recruited from Nanjing Institute of Physical Education.METHODS:Three pairs of experimental shoes weighing 103 g were measured with shore hardness tester,as 51,62 and 69 hardness values. Accordingly they were named soft shoes,medium hardness shoes and hard shoes. The subjects were asked to do a 60-minute walk test at the speed of 2 m/s on the running platform with the experimental designed shoes,and they were determined using the insole plantar pressure measurement system of German's Novel style series of Emed-pedar.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:The pressure,contact area and impulse in the sole of foot.RESULTS:With the increase in hardness soles,the pressure of center plantar was shown to move from the medial first metatarsal outwards by turns. Compared with barefoot walking,the trail length of the center plantar was prolonged in subjects with medium hardness shoes and hard shoes,while shortened in subjects with soft shoes. The total pressure when you walked with soft shoes and medium hardness shoes were reduced than barefoot walking,and the pressure of walking phase wearing these two types of shoes were also reduced,while total pressure and walking phase pressure with hard shoes were both increased compared with barefoot walking. The contact area was similar between soft shoes and medium hardness shoes,but the smallest in the hard shoes. Except the increase in the initial 10 minutes,the soft shoes had no change with the medium hardness shoes. The hard shoes were firstly increased but then declined. The total impulse of medium hardness shoes was the closest to bare feet,while that of soft shoes and hard shoes were increased compared with bare foot.CONCLUSION:The plantar pressure was the greatest in the hard shoes,then medium hardness shoes and last soft shoes;the contact area was the greatest in soft shoes,then medium hardness shoes and last hard shoes;the impulse was the greatest in hard shoes,then soft shoes,and last medium hardness shoes.

BACKGROUND:Neural stem cells transplanted into the infarct region can promote the recovery of damaged nerve cells after cerebral infarction.
OBJECTIVE:To analyze the relevant influential factors of neural stem celltransplantation in the treatment of cerebral infarction.
METHODS:In this paper, we analyzed the experimental studies concerning neural stem celltransplantation for cerebral infarction published in recent years based on database search. There were main two aspects for discussing the progress in neural stem cells and cerebral infarction, the Chinese clinical trial registration and basic experimental studies.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After cerebral infarction, neural stem cellproliferation and differentiation is closely related to the brain microenvironment. Large amount of nerve cellloss can be found in the infarct region. Cytokines can play a role in the neural stem celltransplantation to repair neurological injury after cerebral infarction, and also can induce neural stem cellproliferation, differentiation and migration, including epidermal growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, nerve growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine can promote the proliferation, migration and differentiation neural stem cells in the subependymal zone after cerebral infarction. Neural stem celltransplantation in the treatment of cerebral infarction has yielded progress, but there are stil many issues that need to be resolved in the future.

Objective:To observe the expression of adenosine kinase (ADK) in the hippocampus of patients with refractory epilepsy, and to explore the role of ADK in the pathogenesis of refractory epilepsy.Methods:Thirteen patients with intractable epilepsy who underwent surgical resection of hippocampal tissue at the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University were collected as the epilepsy group; At the same time, 4 cases of relatively normal temporal lobe brain tissue from patients with traumatic brain injury undergoing debridement surgery (without previous history of epileptic seizures) were collected, and these 4 patients served as the control group. The expression of ADK in two groups of specimens was detected at the tissue, gene, and protein levels using methods such as dual fluorescence immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT Real time PCR), and Western blotting.Results:In the human brain, ADK was mainly expressed in the nucleus of astrocytes. Through histological observation, ADK was weakly expressed in normal brain tissue, while there is significant proliferation of glial cells and excessive expression of ADK in the brain tissue of patients with refractory epilepsy. The percentage of ADK positive glial cells in the epilepsy group was (53.90±17.59)%, and the control group was (23.82±4.18)%, with a statistically significant difference ( P<0.01). At the genetic level, using RT Real time PCR, it was found that the expression level of ADK mRNA in the epilepsy group was higher than that in the control group, with a 2 -△△Cp of 13.36, which was 13.36 times higher than that in the control group. At the protein level, the expression of ADK protein in the epilepsy group was found to be higher than that in the control group using protein immunoblotting ( P<0.01). Conclusions:ADK is weakly expressed in the nucleus of astrocytes in normal human brain tissue. In the brain tissue of patients with refractory epilepsy, astrocytes significantly proliferate and there is excessive expression of ADK. ADK may play an important role in the occurrence and development of refractory epilepsy in humans.