Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a classic animal model for the study of human multiple sclerosis (MS). A number of studies have found that natural compounds possessed effects on the treatment of EAE. In this paper, we consulted related literatures, classified natural compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polyphenols, and explained the treatment mechanisms against EAE of Chinese materia medica, and to provide references for clinical research and treatment of neurological autoimmune diseases such as MS.

ObjectiveTo conduct a visualized analysis of the researches related to the physiotherapy for exercise-induced muscle damage, identify the present situation, and predict the hotspots and developing trends. MethodsRelevant literature about physiotherapy of exercise-induced muscle damage were collected in Web of Science Core Collection from the establishment of the database to October 31, 2022, and CiteSpace 6.1.R3 software was used for visualized analysis. ResultsA total of 357 articles were included, involving 51 countries/regions, 532 authors and 346 institutions. The annual number of documents issued showed an overall upward trend. The country with the highest number of documents was the United States, the organization was Edith Cowan University, and the author was Howatson Glyn. Keywords with high attention in the last three years were performance, eccentric exercise, recovery and soreness. Cited document clustering words were exercise-induced muscle damage, delayed-onset muscle soreness, foam rolling and exercise performance. ConclusionExercise-induced muscle damage is a muscle micro-injury, and the most important concerns are post-injury muscle soreness, myofascial pain and ultrastructural changes. Researches about physiotherapy of exercise-induced muscle damage are gradually increasing. Main physiotherapy treatments include cryotherapy, cold water therapy, massage, foam rolling and eccentric exercise. Presently, eccentric exercise is a hot topic in this field, and foam rolling would be hot in the future.

"Subluxation" is the core of pathological conception of spinal injuries treated by spinal manipulation. The conception of "Subluxation" not only includes changes of joint anatomy,but also emphasizes on joint dysfunction which is caused by changes of the anatomical position. The name of "Subluxation" in manual medicine is the same as modern medicine,but the content is obviously different. Nonetheless, it would be confused and not reflect the characteristics of manual practices. So we can consider changing the name of "Subluxation" in manual medicine into "Yatuowei".
Animals ; Humans ; Manipulation, Spinal ; Models, Animal ; Spinal Injuries ; therapy ; Terminology as Topic

OBJECTIVETo investigate the reliability of the spine stiffness test system (SSTS) by animal experiments.

METHODSA hundred SD male rats with weight body of 350-450 g were divided randomly into 5 groups according to feeding time of 1, 2, 4, 8,12 weeks. The externally linked fixation systems were implanted into all rats in L4, L5, and L6. At the end of every feeding time, the stiffness of the fixed segment was measured by SSTS, and the relationship between linking time and the stiffness were observed. The parameters of pressure sensor of SSTS were demarcated before measuring the stiffness in order to ensure the accuracy of SSTS.

RESULTSThe actual error of the spine stiffness test system was less than 0.04%. Its reliability was good, ICC = 0.948 (P < 0.01). And the stiffness of the fixed segment increased with linking times.

CONCLUSIONThe accuracy and reliability of SSTS were good. Its operating system was very simple to manipulate. And SSTS may accurately collect pressure load and infinitesimal displacement of the spinal motion segment. In order to fit more spinal injuries models, SSTS needs improvements in fixed accessories, measurement range, disturbance variable, and so on.

Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Male ; Pressure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reproducibility of Results ; Spine ; physiology

This paper reviewed the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River Basin in three stages, centered on the measures and achievements. It pointed out the key work of prevention and control which are infectious source control and effective surveillance at present stage. It will be beneficial to schistosomiasis control in China.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Kaiqiao Jieyin acupuncture (acupuncture for opening orifices and relieving aphasia) combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on language ability and daily life communication ability in patients with post-stroke aphasia (PSA). METHODS: Fifty-six patients with PSA were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 28 cases in each group. Both groups received routine symptomatic treatment. The control group was treated with speech rehabilitation training and rTMS. On the basis of the treatment in the control group, the observation group was treated with Kaiqiao Jieyin acupuncture at the speech area Ⅰ, Fengchi (GB 20), Tongli (HT 5), Lianquan (CV 23), Panglianquan (Extra), etc. Panglianquan (Extra) on both sides were connected to electroacupuncture, with intermittent wave, 2 Hz in frequency. The above treatment was performed once a day for 5 consecutive days, followed by 2 days of rest for 2 weeks. The scores of western aphasia battery (WAB, including scores of spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, naming and score of aphasia quotient [AQ]) and communication abilities in daily living (CADL) in the two groups were compared before and after treatment. RESULTS: After treatment, the spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, naming scores and AQ scores in both groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05), and the increase in the observation group was greater than the control group (P<0.05). The CADL scores of the two groups were higher than those before treatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Kaiqiao Jieyin acupuncture combined with rTMS can improve the language ability and daily life communication ability of PSA patients.
Humans ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Stroke Rehabilitation ; Treatment Outcome ; Aphasia/therapy* ; Acupuncture Therapy

OBJECTIVETo observe the basic characteristics of rats with subluxation, which was hypomobility of motion.

METHODSOne hundred and eight male SD rats (weighted, 350 to 450 g) were randomly divided into experimental group (simple fixation and rotatory fixation) and sham operation group. Each group was subdivided into four groups, including 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks sub-groups. Simple fixation and rotatory fixation group were modeled by implanting external linked fixation system; Sham operation group was dealed with operation intervention. At the end of connection, X-ray films was used to observe posterier body angle (PBA); Spinal stiffness system for stiffness in simple fixation group and rotatory fixation group.

RESULTSRadiographic results showed that variation of PBA n experimental groups tended to decrease; and there was no significant difference between simple fixation group and rotatory fixation group at the end of linking time (P > 0.05). But there was significant difference between the experimental group and sham operation group (P < 0.05). The degree of stiffness showed that the stiffness in experimental group increased with the linking time, but no meaning between groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONRats with subluxation induced by external linked fixation system can effectively change biomechanical characteristics of spine, reduced the motion with linking time.

Animals ; External Fixators ; Fracture Fixation ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Lumbosacral Region ; injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Male ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To analyze the changes in the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Hunan Province, so as to provide scientific basis for the development of the schistosomiasis elimination programme in the province. Methods According to the requirements of the National Guidelines for Schistosomiasis Surveillance in China (2014 version), a total of 41 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites were assigned in all disease-endemic counties (districts) across Hunan Province. During the period between 2015 and 2019, Schistosoma japonicum infections were monitored in local residents, mobile populations and livestock, and snail status was monitored. The morbidity due to schistosomiasis and snail status was compared between years. Results The sero-prevalence of S. japonicum infections was 2.57% and 1.56% in local residents and mobile populations in national surveillance sites of Hunan Province from 2015 to 2019, respectively, and the sero-prevalence appeared a tendency towards a decline over years. A higher sero-prevalence rate of S. japonicum infections was seen in men than in women (P < 0.01). During the 5-year study period, the sero-prevalence rate of human S. japonicum infections appeared a tendency towards a decline in the marshland, embankment, inner embankment and hilly types of endemic areas over years. There were 44 and 19 egg -positives detected in local residents and 5 and 1 egg-positives in mobile populations in 2015 and 2016 respectively. A total of 9 346 domestic animals were monitored from 2015 to 2019, and 6 egg-positives were detected in 2015 and 2016 (all were bovine). A total of 0.155 billion m² settings were surveyed from 2015 to 2019, and the mean density of living snails appeared a tendency towards a decline over years, with a 45.79% reduction in 2019 as compared to 2015. However, no S. japonicum infections were identified in snails during the 5-year period. A total of 1 469 mixed snail samples were detected using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and 6 positive snail samples were identified in 2015 (one sample) and 2017 (5 samples). Conclusions The overall endemic situation of schistosomiasis appears a tendency towards a decline in Hunan Province, and the prevalence of S. japonicum infections is at a low level in humans and livestock; however, there is still a risk of schistosomiasis transmission. Improvements of health education, intensification of schistosomiasis examinations in mobile populations and reinforcement of the surveillance-response system is required to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control in Hunan Province.

Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (Sch-PAH) is categorized as WHO Group I PAH because its clinical manifestations, laboratory and hemodynamic features share with PAH of other etiologies, such as idiopathic, heritable, HIV and autoimmune disorders. Sch-PAH is usually a life-threatening complication of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis characterized by changes in the vascular wall, remodeling and vasoconstriction with lesions primarily located in the precapillary segments of the pulmonary vasculature, which may result in a marked and sustained increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure and ultimately death. Although egg deposition into lung and subsequent inflammatory cascades are key factors in the pathogenesis of Sch-PAH, the exact pathogenesis, course of disease and treatment of Sch-PAH remain largely uncertain. This review mainly discusses the pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms of Sch-PAH, so as to provide insights into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Sch-PAH.

Objective To examine the effect of the integrated schistosomiasis control measures in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2019, so as to provide insights into the development of the schistosomiasis elimination strategy. Methods The integrated schistosomiasis control measures implemented by the health, agriculture, water resources, forestry, land and resources sectors were retrospectively collected in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2019, and the completion of each measure, cost of control measures, Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans and bovines, and snail status were analyzed each year. An index system for assessing the integrated schistosomiasis control effect was constructed using the Delphi method to calculate the integrated schistosomiasis control effect index. In addition, a cost-effect analysis was performed in terms of the decline in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans and bovines, areas with snails in inner embankments, and areas with infected snails. Results A total of 7 110 926 500 Yuan were invested into the integrated schistosomiasis control program of Hunan Province from 2004 to 2019. During the 16-year period, a total of 277 437.12 hm² snail habitats received molluscicidal treatments, 6 927 230 person-times given expanded chemotherapy, 2 116 247 bovine-times given expanded chemotherapy, 954 850 harmless toilets built, 290 359 bovines fenced, 136 666 bovines eliminated, 141 905 machines used to replace bovines, 39 048.63 hm² water lands improved as dry lands, 724.12 km irrigation regions improved, 3 994 300 populations covered with safe water, 191 102.89 hm² forests planted and 38 535.27 hm² lands leveled. The prevalence of S. japonicum infections was 4.29% in humans and 4.48% in bovines in Hunan Province in 2004, with 2 449.37 hm² snail habitats in inner embankments and 3 423.74 hm² infected snail areas. In 2019, the prevalence of S. japonicum infections reduced to 0 in both humans and bovines, and areas of snail habitats reduced to 540.92 hm² (77.92% reductions), while the areas with infected snails reduced to 0. The overall integrated schistosomiasis control effect index appeared a tendency towards a rise over years since 2004, and the integrated schistosomiasis control effect index was 97.35 in 2019; the annual mean costs for a 1% reduction in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in 100 populations and 100 bovines were 70.11 Yuan and 4 204.78 Yuan, and the annual mean costs for a 1% reduction in the snail areas in inner embankments and infected snail areas were 2 010.20 Yuan and 1 298.09 Yuan, respectively. Conclusions The integrated control measures achieve remarkable effectiveness for schistosomiasis control in Hunan Province, with a remarkable decline in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans and bovines and great shrinking of snail areas in inner embankments and infected snail areas. Adequate fund investment is required to improve the integrated schistosomiasis control measures and consolidate the control achievements.