BACKGROUND: Glycemic index (GI) is a physiological index of carbohydrate food. It has been found out in epidemiological studies that GI is useful in controlling and preventing some chronic diseases such as diabetes,cardiovascular disease,obesity.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the acceptance and practical significance of GI knowledge in diabetic patients by comparing with the traditional education with food exchange list (FEL)as the main material.DESIGN:A comparative observational test.SETTING:Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two diabetic patients volunteered to join in the study were selected from the Department Endocrinology of Beijiog No.6 Hospital from October 2000 to February 2002,including 36 males and 36 female of 10-70 years old with an average age of 58 years.METHODS:The 72 diabetic patients were randomly assigned to two groups:① GI group which received GI-based nutrition education;② FEL group receiving FEL-based nutrition education.They were educated for 5 months by means of classes,personal education and consultation by telephone.The changes of knowledge,food selection and blood glucose in the diabetic patients were observed before and after education.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Changes of the awareness of nutrition education,fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG) before and after education.RESULTS: All the 72 diabetic patients were involved in the analysis of results.①The correct answering rates after education were obviously higher than that before education (P<0.01).Before education,the correct rates of answers to GI questions in the Gl group were lower than the correct rates of answers to FEL questions in the FEL group (0 vs.6.5%,P<0.01).After education,the correct rates in the Gl group were higher than those in the FEL group (92.2%VS.79.4%,P<0.01): whereas there were no significant differences in the average correct rate of answer to the same question between the two groups (P>0.05).The Gl group was better than the FEL group in selecting cereal,fruit,bean and its.products (P<0.01).② The FBG and 2hPBG after education were lower than those before education in both groups(P<0.01),whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The knowledge of GI was better accepted than that of FEL by the diabetic patients in dietary treatment.

Objective To screen stage\|specific expression genes of plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei\|europaei. Methods RNA was extracted by the acid guanidinium thiocyanate\|phenol\|chloroform from plerocercoid and adult worm of Spirometra erinacei\|europaei. Contaminated DNA in the RNA was digested by RNase\|free DNase. cDNA was synthesized by using T\-\{12\}MA, T\-\{12\}MC, T\-\{12\}MG and T\-\{12\}MT primers, and PCR was then done using the same T\-\{12\}MN and one random primers. The PCR products were fractionated on 8% denatured polyacrylamide gel, differential bands of plerocercoid found in the gel were cut out, amplified by PCR and sequenced after the gel was dried out and autoradiographed. Northern hybridization was conducted to identify the stage\|specific expression genes. Results Eleven differential bands were selected from the gel and classified into 3 kinds of gene fragments by hybridization after they were amplified by PCR. The fragments 1 and 2 were confirmed to express specifically in plerocercoid by Northern hybridization, but the fragment 3 was expressed in both plerocercoid and adult worm. When the 3 gene fragments were homologically analyzed in GenBank, the sequence which was homologous with the fragments 1 and 2 was not found, but the fragment 3 had high homology with many kinds of 28S rRNA. Conclusion The gene expression of plerocercoid was different from that of adult worm probably because they live in different hosts. Two kinds of different gene fragments in plerocercoid were identified by mRNA differential display technique.

Objective: To study the effects of zinc on transport function of erythrocyte membrane. Methods: This study was conducted both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, weanling rats were divided into three groups and fed with different zinc diets (2.2, 28 and 128 mg Zn/kg diet) for four weeks, the transport function of Na +/K + pump, COTS-1, COTS-2, Gardos and RF channels were determined. In vitro, different concentration of zinc (0,5,10,50,100 and 500 ?mol Zn 2+ /L) were added into fresh human blood and the activities of the five transport channels were detected. Results: Proper zinc could keep the highest activities of Na +/K + pump, COTS-2 and Gardos channel. Too low or too high zinc decreased the transport function of these three channels and the activities of COTS-1 and RF channel were increased with the increase of zinc concentration, indicating the competitive function of these two channels. Conclusion: Zinc plays an important role in maintaining the transport function of erythrocyte membrane.

Objective: To examine the effects of the education with glycemic index(GI)on dietary knowledge,attitude and practice of diabetic patients,and on their blood glucose and lipid.Methods: Seventy-two subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomly assingned into two groups. The test group (group GI) mainly learned the knowledge about GI of food. The controlled group (group FEL) mainly learned the knowledge about food exchange list(FEL). Outcomes were assessed by the change of dietary knowledge, attitude and practice, fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose ( 2 hPBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c), and blood lipids which include total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and lipid comprehensive index (LCI). The period lasted five months. Results: The percent of correct answer for GI questions was increased significantly from 0 % before education to 92.2% after education (P

Objective To investigate the status of nursing professional values and its influencing factors to make contribution for nursing managers to improve nursing professional values.Methods 280 registered nurses selected by convenient sampling method were investigated by demographic questionnaires and the Revised Nursing Professional Values Scale (NPVS-R).Results The score of nursing professional value was (100.70 ± 6.36) points,the highest scoring dimension wasprofessional characteristic ,followed by trust, behavioristand providing care.The scores of protecting patients privacy,being trusted by patients,constantly improving professional ability,etc.were higher.The scores of involving in research,peer review and public decision,etc.were lower.Medical department,profession and interest,job satisfaction were the influencing factors,F values were 2.575,3.750 and 2.909.Conclusions The nursing professional value was higher than middle level and unbalanced development.Nursing managers should take individualized approach to improve nursing professional values based on the characteristics of departments and lower score parts.

Objective To investigate the clinical indicators which can predict esophageal varices in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).Methods A total of 351 patients with PBC from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2013 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed, including 173 patients with esophageal varices and 178 patients without varicose veins.The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transpeptadase (γ-GT), total bilirubin (TBil), albumin (Alb), prothrombin time (PT), platelet (PLT), AST to ALT ratio (AAR), fibrosis index based on the 4 fator (FIB-4), AST to PLT ratio index (APRI) and Mayo scores were compared between two groups.Group t test or rank sum test was used to compare the two groups.Relation between the indicators mentioned above and esophageal varices were tested by univariate analysis.Multivariate unconditional Logistic regression was used to screen these indicators to independently predict esophageal varices in PBC patients.Results Age, PT, TBil, AAR, FIB-4, APRI and Mayo scores of PBC patients with esophageal varices were all higher than those of patients without esophageal varices ([60.3±10.6] years old vs [51.9±10.9] years old, [13.31±3.12] s vs [11.17±2.42] s, 28.06 [18.05, 60.06] mmol/L vs 15.39 [10.64, 33.63] μmol/L, 1.69±0.91 vs 1.23±0.95, 6.18 [4.05,9.16] vs 1.80 [1.10,2.74], 1.95 [1.12,3.08] vs 0.69 [0.38,1.57], 6.45±1.52 vs4.62±1.53, respectively).Whereas ALT, γ-GT, Alb and PLT levels were all lower than those without varicose veins (36.60 [19.88, 74.28] U/L vs 59.32 [23.58, 132.70] U/L, 71.00 [38.36, 165.38] U/L vs 125.00 [37.50, 336.21] U/L, [29.78±6.33] g/L vs [39.51±25.16] g/L, [103.43±52.84]×109/L vs [234.44±90.40]×109/L, respectively).The differences were all statistically significant (t=-7.25, t=-7.18, Z=-5.823, t=-4.60, Z=-8.427, Z=-12.661, t=-11.25, Z=-3.218, Z=2.987, t=4.94, t=16.63, respectively;all P<0.01).Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that PLT<149×109/L (OR=0.966, 95% CI: 0.957-0.974), PT>11.95 s (OR=0.705, 95%CI: 0.569-0.874), TBil>17.19 μmol/L (OR=0.99, 95%CI: 0.982-0.999), FIB-4>3.02 (OR=0.868, 95% CI: 0.807-0.932) and Mayo score>4.88 (OR=6.053, 95%CI: 2.388-15.342) were independent clinical indicators for the prediction of esophageal varicose veins.Conclusions PLT, PT, TBil, FIB-4, and Mayo scores can be used as predictors of esophageal varices in patients with PBC.

Objectives To enhance the diagnosis of cervical epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer at the early stage and to prevent cervical invasive carcinoma by analyzing the cervical/vaginal cytology or histopathologic results of Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS).Methods From January 2014 to June 2015,a total of 4579 cases were selected in the census of gynecological diseases in Qiannan Hospital.TBS classification (the bethesda system) showed that 164 cases of ASCUS or above were found using cervical/vaginal cytology with live tissue under colposcopy.Results Among 164 cases,75 was cervical intraepithelial neoplasia level 3 (CINⅢ) accounting for 54.7％.Sixty-three cases of ASCUS and 16 of CINⅡ or above were found among patients at the age of 39 or younger (25.4％).A hundred and one cases of ASCUS and 59 of CINⅡ or above were found among women older than 40 (58.41％).Among patients with liquid-based cervical cytology positive,those older than 40 had higher risk.Liquid-based cervical cytology examination was divided into 5 levels.Spearman rank correlation analysis was applied with correlation coefficient (r =1) and positive correlation was shown (P =0.000,P＜0.01).The difference was statistically significant.The higher level of liquid-based cervical cytology examination level was required,the higher risk of cervical cancer was seen among women.Corclusion The use of liquid-based cervical cytology examination can help grassroots doctors improve CIN diagnosis rate and prevent cervical invasive carcinoma among women in the countryside.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of Xinyi capsule pretreatment on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rabbits and its possible mechanism. Methods Ninety-four rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups: model group (n=16), tirofiban group (n=16), high-, medium- and low-dose Xinyi capsule groups (4.0, 2.0, 1.0 g/kg;n=16 in each group), and sham operation group (n=14). Five days after intragastric administration with drug, myocardial ischemia reperfusion was induced by ligation of the proximal left circumflex artery. The electrocardiogram (ECG) was continuously recorded. The serum levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) were measured. Myocardial histopathological damage was evaluated. Results The changes of J-point amplitude on ECG in high-, medium-and low-dose Xinyi capsule groups (0.064 ± 0.049 mV, 0.069 ± 0.061 mV, 0.079 ± 0.060 mV) were significantly lower than that in the model group (0.158 ± 0.105 mV, P<0.01 or P<0.05), the serum levels of LDH (399.7 ± 202.3 U/L, 369.6 ± 229.0 U/L, 435.5 ± 152.4 U/L), CK-MB (900.8 ± 231.2 U/L, 1 268.3 ± 899.8 U/L, 1 386.7 ± 621.6 U/L), MPO (69.81 ± 5.51 U/L, 85.44 ± 10.31 U/L, 81.33 ± 16.87 U/L) were significantly lower than those in the model group (LDH:817.1 ± 401.9 U/L, CK-MB:2 071.3 ± 693.5 U/L, MPO:149.9 ± 20.11 U/L;P<0.01 or P<0.05). Histopathological examination showed that myocardial damage in high-, medium- and low-dose Xinyi capsule groups reduced compared with the model group. Conclusions Xinyi capsule pretreatment can protect against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rabbits, and its mechanism may be related to inflammation inhibition.

A sensitive and selective method was developed for the separation and characterization of related substances (RSs) in EVT-401 by hyphenated LC–MS techniques. Complete separation of the RSs was achieved with an Inertsil ODS-SP column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) by linear gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% formic acid solution, methanol and acetonitrile. EVT-401 was found to be susceptible to acid, alkaline and oxidative stresses, while relatively stable under photolytic and thermal dry stress conditions. Fourteen RSs including six process-related substances and eight degradation products were detected and identified in EVT-401 with positive ESI high-resolution TOF-MS analysis of their parent ions and the corresponding product mass spectra elucidation, and some of them were further verified by chemical synthesis and NMR spectroscopy. The specific LC–MS method developed for separation, identification and characterization of RSs is valuable for EVT-401 manufacturing process optimization and quality control.

With the rapid economic development and dramatic changes in lifestyle, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in China has been increasing significantly and become a serious public health threat. This article introduced the main contents of "China Blue Paper on Obesity Prevention and Control", aiming to facilitate understanding and applications of the "China Blue Paper on Obesity Prevention and Control" by policymakers, researchers and practitioners in related fields. Built upon these, recommendations were made for obesity screening, diagnosis, treatment and management, prevention and control policies and strategies, and future research priorities in China.