OBJECTIVE To evaluate application of cefoxitin disk diffusion method in detecting meticillin-resistant staphylococci(MRS)mediated by mecA gene.METHODS The cefoxitin disk diffusion method,oxacillin disk(diffusion) method,oxacillin agar dilution test,VITEK automicroscan as well as PCR amplification were performed and compared simultaneously for detection of MRS,and VITEK automicroscan was used in testing MIC.(RESULTS)(Among) 96 strains of Staphylococcus(16 S.aureus and 80 coagulase-negative staphylococci strains),54 strains of MRS(2 S.aureus and 52 coagulase-negative staphylococci strains) were identified by oxacillin disk(diffusion) method,oxacillin agar dilution test and VITEK automicroscan,48 mecA-genes were identified by PCR amplification(2 S.aureus and 46 coagulase-negative staphylococci strains) which was the same as by cefoxitin disk diffusion method.CONCLUSIONS The(cefoxitin) disk diffusion method is highly consistent with mecA gene method,and a reliable one of screening and(identifying) MRS mediated by mecA gene.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between blood pressure variability, overweight or obesity in patients with essential hypertensive.

METHODSA hundred ninety-one patients with essential hypertension were divided into three groups: normal, overweight and obese according to body mass index (BMI). The characteristics of the variability of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in three groups were compared.

RESULTSBlood pressure overload and variability increased parallel with the increase of BMI. In overweight group, the variabilities of systolic blood pressure at night (nSBPSD) increased 14.10%, the variabilities of diastolic blood pressure at night (nDBPSD) increased 13.15% and the variabilities of mean arterial pressure at night (nMAPSD) increased 15.92% respectively. In the obese group, the above three variabilities increased more significantly (compared to normal group P < 0.05-0.01). However, increases of the three blood pressure variabilities were observed only in the male patients.

CONCLUSIONSThe overweight or obesity increased the blood pressure overload and variabilities in patients with essential hypertension. The increases of blood pressure variabilities were observed only in male patients and at night.

Adult ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; physiopathology ; Sex Factors

Objective: To survey the prevalence of drug resistant HIV-1 in Shandong province in 2013-2015. Methods: WHO truncated sequential sampling technique was adopted by using 77 and 53 samples of newly diagnosed as HIV-1 positive and aged 16-25 years in Shandong province in 2013 and 2015. RNA was prepared and HIV-1 pol region was amplified by RT-PCR and nested PCR. Pol genetic mutation associated with drug resistance was analyzed. Results: The success rates for sequence acquisition of the survey were 100% (77/77) and 94% (50/53) in 2013 and 2015, and the main subtype was CRF01_AE. A total of 2 surveillance drug-resistance mutation(SDRMs) and 3 SDRMs were found by analyzing the 47 sequences each year, sampled in 2013 and 2015, indicating that the prevalence of drug resistant HIV-1 stains was low in 2013, and moderate in 2015. A total of 5 individuals with drug resistant HIV-1 stains found in this study were mainly infected by homosexual transmission (3 cases), and the other two samples were different: one was infected by heterosexual transmission, the other was infected by IDU. The subtype was CRF01_AE (2 cases) , CRF07_BC (2 cases) and B (1 case) . SDRMs for protease inhibitor (PIs), nucleotide HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs) and non-NRTI (NNRTIs) were all found in the individuals with drug resistant HIV-1 stains. Conclusion CRF01_AE were the main HIV-1 subtypes of recently reported HIV-infected individuals in Shandong province, and the HIV-1 drug resistant strains transmission was catalogued as at low and moderate prevalence level in 2013 and 2015.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS infected students in Shandong Province, to provide a basis for the prevention and control of AIDS transmission in the student population. Methods: All 863 HIV/AIDS students cases during 2010-2019 were collected in Shandong Province. Epidemiological characteristics was described and the trends in the 10 years since 2010 was analyzed. Results: These 863 HIV/AIDS students were mainly transmitted through homosexual sex (763 cases, 88.41%), and the samples were mainly from voluntary consultation testing (433 cases, 50.17%). From 2010 to 2019, the proportion of student cases in the total number of cases showed an increasing trend ( χ 2 trend =30.21, P <0.01). Among them, the proportion of homosexual transmission cases increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =6.35, P =0.01), the proportion of cases aged 18-22 years increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =6.10, P =0.01), the proportion of cases with college degree or above increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =4.26, P =0.04). At present, voluntary consultation testing were the main source.There was no significant difference between the years of sample sources ( χ 2 trend =2.97, P =0.09). Conclusion The report number of students in Shandong Province are on the rise in recent years, especially those infected by same sex transmission, mainly with high education background, which calls for targeted strategies and intervention measures.

Objective This study aimed to analyze the behavior change and related factors regarding HIV/STD epidemics among female sex workers (FSWs) in Qingdao city.Methods According to the requirements set by the "National HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance program",information on demographics,sexual and drug use behaviors,and HIV-related services among female sex workers (FSWs) was collected from ten consecutive annual cross-sectional surveys from 2006 to 2015.Blood samples were drawn for serological tests on both HIV and syphilis antibodies.Results Data from the sampled FSWs over the ten years,a higher proportion of participants who were aged 30 or more,married or cohabited and on-call FSW were followed.The prevalence of syphilis increased significantly from 1.0％ (4/420) in 2006 to 13.3％ (53/400) in 2015 (trendx2=54.22,P＜0.001).Rates on illicit drug use were ranging from 12.0％ (48/400) and 55.5％ (222/400) while the rate on consistent condom use with clients in the last month showed decreasing,with trendx2=170.62,P＜0.001.The proportion of HIV-related knowledge score ≥ 6 (trend x2 =152.96,P＜ 0.001),or ever been tested for HIV (trendx2=114.87,P＜0.001) were both significantly increased over the last ten years.Between 2009 and 2015,results from the annual stratified analysis showed that the FSWs who used drugs were more likely than the FSWs who were non-drug users less consistently using condoms with clients in last month and being syphilis positive (P＜0.05).On-call FSWs were more likely to be syphilis positive (P＜0.05) than the non on-call FSWs.Conclusions The prevalence of syphilis among FSWs in Qingdao city had been rising over the last ten years,with synthetic drug abuse as an important risk factor.Better targeted surveillance and intervention efforts among those drug-using FSWs seemed important to reduce the epidemics.

A survey was conducted to analyze the HIV testing status and related influencing factors of male sexually transmitted diseases(STD) patients attending 18 county-level hospitals in Shandong Province from July 2015 to August 2016. The HIV detection rate of 1 570 subjects was 77.58% (1 218/1 570), and the HIV-antibody positive rate was 0.99% (12/1 218). Compared with general hospitals patients, urinary and anorectal patients, non-sexual patients, and patients with negative attitudes toward HIV testing, patients were more likely to be tested for HIV from specialized hospitals (OR=3.74, 95%CI:2.53-5.54), the skin and venereal section (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.31-2.79), the STD group (OR=2.02, 95%CI: 1.34-3.03) and patients with positive attitude (OR=15.20, 95%CI:10.74-21.52).

A survey was conducted to analyze the HIV testing status and related influencing factors of male sexually transmitted diseases(STD) patients attending 18 county?level hospitals in Shandong Province from July 2015 to August 2016. The HIV detection rate of 1 570 subjects was 77.58% (1 218/1 570), and the HIV?antibody positive rate was 0.99% (12/1 218). Compared with general hospitals patients, urinary and anorectal patients, non?sexual patients, and patients with negative attitudes toward HIV testing, patients were more likely to be tested for HIV from specialized hospitals ( OR=3.74, 95%CI : 2.53-5.54), the skin and venereal section ( OR=1.92, 95%CI : 1.31-2.79), the STD group ( OR=2.02, 95%CI : 1.34-3.03) and patients with positive attitude ( OR=15.20, 95%CI :10.74-21.52).

A survey was conducted to analyze the HIV testing status and related influencing factors of male sexually transmitted diseases(STD) patients attending 18 county?level hospitals in Shandong Province from July 2015 to August 2016. The HIV detection rate of 1 570 subjects was 77.58% (1 218/1 570), and the HIV?antibody positive rate was 0.99% (12/1 218). Compared with general hospitals patients, urinary and anorectal patients, non?sexual patients, and patients with negative attitudes toward HIV testing, patients were more likely to be tested for HIV from specialized hospitals ( OR=3.74, 95%CI : 2.53-5.54), the skin and venereal section ( OR=1.92, 95%CI : 1.31-2.79), the STD group ( OR=2.02, 95%CI : 1.34-3.03) and patients with positive attitude ( OR=15.20, 95%CI :10.74-21.52).

China ; Demography ; HIV Infections ; HIV-1 ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVETo analyze survival time of AIDS death cases receiving Antiretroviral Therapy and related factors.

METHODSA retrospective cohort study was carried out to collect the data on death cases receiving Antiretroviral Therapy by the National HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate the median survival time, and compare survival time among different groups of age, sex, marriage status, infectious routes, WHO clinical stage, baseline CD4(+)T cell counts, and interval time from the start of ART to HIV confirmation. Life table and survival curve were applied to describe survival distribution. Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the factors associated with the survival time.

RESULTSAmong 142 AIDS death cases, 125 (88.03%) were related with AIDS and 17(11.97%) were not. The total median survival time was 3.100 months (95%CI: 2.279-3.921). The cumulative survival rate was (52 ± 4)%, (33 ± 4)%, (26 ± 4)% in the first 3 months, 3-6 months, and 6-12 months. The median survival time of married or cohabitation group was 2.670 months (95%CI:1.470-3.870), and single (unmarried, divorced, separation, widowed) group was 5.870 months (95%CI: 2.617-9.123). The median survival time of WHO clinical stage I or II group was 5.870 months (95%CI: 3.989-7.751), and WHO clinical stage III or IV group was 1.700 months (95%CI: 0.885-2.515). The median survival time of baseline CD4(+)T cell counts ≤ 50 /µl group was 1.670 months (95%CI: 0.759-2.581), and 51-199 /µl group was 4.400 months (95%CI: 2.735-6.065), and ≥ 200/µl group was 7.100 months (95%CI: 0.000-14.542). The survival time was significantly different among different baseline marital status groups, different WHO clinical stage groups, and different CD4(+)T cell counts groups. The mortality risk of Single (unmarried, divorced, separation, widowed) group was 0.641 times of the risk in married or cohabitation group. The mortality risk of WHO clinical stage III or IV was 1.856 times of the risk in stage I or II. The mortality risk of baseline CD4(+)T cell counts 51-199 /µl group was 0.582 times of the risk in ≤ 50 /µl group, and ≥ 200 /µl group was 0.551 times of the risk in ≤ 50 /µl group.

CONCLUSIONThe total median survival time was relatively short. Most AIDS deaths happened in the first 3 months or 3-6 months after they received Antiretroviral Therapy, and the mortality trend slowed down in the following months. Married or cohabitation, low-baseline CD4(+)T cell counts, or WHO clinical stage III or IV were found to be the risk factors associated with AIDS death cases receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Cohort Studies ; Disease Progression ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate