Fluke Electrical Safety analyzer (ESA-601) and Electrical Surgery analyzer(Model 454A)are used to measure some relative parameters of radio knife. By combining our measuring activity with the problems existing in the daily managements and usage of radio knife,our viewpoints are described in the following four aspects:management rules,electric shock prevention,patient electrode system and output power. An immature scheme about the quality control of radio knife is also put forward.

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of transdorsal-to-plantar (TDP) or transplantar-to-dorsal (TPD) retrograde endovascular angioplasty in treating below-the-knee arterial occlusion diseases, and to compare it with conventional anterograde endovascular angioplasty. Methods A total of 96 patients with below-the-knee arterial occlusion diseases (112 diseased lower extremities in total), who were admitted to authors’ hospital during the period from Oct. 2009 to July 2011 to receive conventional anterograde endovascular angioplasty, were enrolled in this study. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 112 diseased lower extremities, conventional anterograde endovascular angioplasty failed in 27, and TDP or TPD retrograde endovascular angioplasty had to be carried out. A total of 71 patients (85 diseased lower limbs) were successfully treated with conventional anterograde endovascular angioplasty (routine group), while 20 patients (22 diseased lower limbs) were successfully treated with retrograde endovascular angioplasty (retrograde group). The preoperative ankle-brachial index(ABI), the coronary angiography-based thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow score, the dorsal or plantar arterial pulse score, the postoperative limb salvage rate and target vessel patency rate were calculated, and the results were compared between the two groups. Results The technical success rate in the retrograde group and the routine group was 75.9% and 74.0%respectively (P>0.05). Preoperative ABI value of the retrograde group and the routine group was 0.55± 0.21 and 0.56±0.14 respectively, after the treatment which increased to 0.93±0.19 and 0.89±0.18 respectively (P>0.05). Preoperative TIMI score of the retrograde group and the routine group was 0.1 ±0.5 and 0.8 ±0.8 respectively, which significantly increased to 2.5±0.6 and 1.8±0.8 respectively (P<0.000 1). In the retrograde group, the blood flow perfusion of the distal foot tissue was improved. The primary target vessel patency rate at 12 months and 24 months after the treatment in the retrograde group and the routine group were 63.6%(14/22), 45.5%(10/22) and 52.9%(45/85), 37.6%(32/85) respectively (P>0.05). Twenty-four months after endovascular angioplasty Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the limb salvage rate of the retrograde group and the routine group was 95.5%and 96.5%respectively (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with conventional anterograde endovascular angioplasty for the treatment of below-the-knee arterial occlusion diseases, retrograde endovascular angioplasty via TDP or TPD path can immediately improve the blood flow with obvious improvement of ABI score, primary target vessel patency rate as well as the limb salvage rate. Therefore, retrograde endovascular angioplasty should be regarded as an effective supplementary technique when anterograde angioplasty fails.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic autoimmune disease and may progress to liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and even end-stage liver disease without timely and effective treatment. The main purpose of PBC treatment is to prevent the development of end-stage liver disease and improve related clinical symptoms and quality of life. Timely and accurate risk stratification may bring benefits to patients with refractory PBC, and an accurate evaluation of the prognosis of PBC patients is of vial importance for clinical treatment. This article reviews the research advances in the prognostic factors for PBC from the aspects of host factors, laboratory examination, and pharmacotherapy.

Objective:To explore the role and relationship between oxidative stress and immune infiltration in idiopathic pul-monary fibrosis(IPF),and to predict the relevant therapeutic herbal medicines and active ingredients.Methods:GSE10667 gene expression profiles were downloaded from GEO database to obtain differential expression genes,differential expression of oxidative stress genes(DEOSGs)were identified in combination with oxidative stress genes.GSEA was used to evaluate the pathways and biologi-cal processes in IPF,and GO,KEGG and PPI network analysis were performed on DEOSGs.Candidate central genes were derived from PPI results and CytoHubba,and GSE110147 was validated as an independent group to identify central genes;in addition,the immune microenvironment of samples was evaluated using CIBERSORTF,and correlation between central gene levels and relative proportion of immune cells was explored;finally,therapeutic herbal medicines and components were predicted by central genes,and mole-cular docking verification was carried out.Results:A total of 51 DEOSGs,four central genes(ICAM-1,APOE,MMP-1,TGF-β2)were obtained;DEOSGs were mainly related to oxidative stress,immune response,etc;four central gene levels were closely correlated with 8 relative proportions of immune cells;therapeutic herbal medicines included 4 flavors such as Huangqi and Chuanxiong,and the active ingredients included 8 kinds of β-carotene,etc,the molecular docking results were stable.Conclusion:Oxidative stress and immune firing are exist in IPF,and oxidative stress may be recognized by immune cells or directly activate immune cells.

Objective:To observe the effect of in‐utero exposure to isoflurane on apoptosis of hippocampal neuron in fetal rats . Methods:SD rats at gestational day 19 were randomly assigned into the isoflurane anesthesia group(group I) and the control group(group C) .The rats in group I were exposed to 1 .3% isoflurane for 3 h ,while group C were exposed to air .The Apoptosis status of neurons in hippocampal CA1 region of fetal brains were observed by using TdT mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL) 0 h ,3 h ,and 9 h after exposure to isoflurane .Results:There were a certain amount of apoptotic neurons in hippocampal CA1 region in both group I and group C 0 h ,3 h ,and 9 h after the exposure .There were significant differences regarding apoptosis index(AI) 0 h and 3 h after the exposure between the two groups (P< 0 .05) .However ,there was no significant difference regarding the AI between the two groups 9 h after the exposure (P>0 .05) .Conclusions:The in‐utero exposure to 1 .3% isoflurane does not increase the apoptosis of neurons in hippocampal CA1 region of fetal rats .Furthermore , it may alleviate the apoptosis during the early period .The result suggests that fetus period may not be the vulnerable period for isoflurane‐induced neurotoxicity .

Objective:To explore the relieving effect of adhesive Bifidobacterium on constipation and its effect on intestinal flo-ra and intestinal morphology in mice.Methods:Detection of adhesion of 14 strains of Bifidobacterium.Fifty mice were randomly divid-ed into control group,model group,positive drug group,low adhesion group and high adhesion group,with 10 mice in each group.The control group and model group received 0.2 ml sterile double distilled water,the positive drug group received 0.2 ml 1.52 mg/kg lactulose solution,and the low and high adhesion groups received 0.2 ml 109 CFU/ml corresponding to Bifidobacterium solution for 37 days.The constipation model was established from the 31st day.The other 4 groups except the control group were given 0.2 ml 10 mg/(kg·bw)loperamide hydrochloride aseptic aqueous solution for 7 days.After the establishment of the model,each mouse was fed with 0.2 ml activated carbon suspension,and the excretion time of the first black stool was measured.After fasting for 12 hours,the mice were given aseptic double steamed water or loperamide hydrochloride,and 1 hour later,0.2 ml activated carbon suspension was given to the stomach.After 30 min,all the mice were killed.The distance between the intestinal length and the intestinal propul-sion of the activated carbon suspension was measured,and the intestinal propulsion rate was calculated.The fresh feces of mice on the 30th and 36th day were collected within 4 hours,and the fecal moisture content and short chain fatty acid(SCFAs)content were deter-mined.Observation of histology of small intestine by HE staining.The expression of zonula occluden-1(ZO-1)and Occludin was detected by immunofluorescence.Detection of aquaporin,c-kit and serotonin related gene transcription by qRT-PCR.The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),IL-1β and TNF-α were detected by ELISA.The relative content of intestinal microflora was detected by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing.Results:CCFM 622,CCFM 624,CCFM 626,CCFM 641 and CCFM 642 were selected as the bacteria group used in the low adhesion group,and CCFM 16,CCFM 625,CCFM 643,CCFM 666 and CCFM 668 as the bacteria group used in the high adhesion group.Compared with control group,the first black stool excretion time,AQP4,AQP8 mRNA,5-HT,IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the model group,positive drug group,low adhesion group and high adhesion group increased(P<0.05),while the intestinal propulsion rate,fecal water content,ZO-1,Occludin fluorescence intensity,c-kit,5-HT4R,Tph1 mRNA,acetic acid,propionic acid and butyric acid decreased(P<0.05).Compared with positive drug group and high adhesion group,the first black stool excretion time,AQP4,AQP8 mRNA,5-HT,IL-1β and TNF-α in low adhesion group increased(P<0.05),while intestinal pro-pulsion rate,fecal water content,ZO-1,Occludin fluorescence intensity,c-kit,5-HT4R,Tph1 mRNA,acetic acid,propionic acid and butyric acid decreased in low adhesion group(P<0.05).In the control group,the mucosal structure was intact,the small intesti-nal villi were neat and uniform,there was no injury or wrinkle,and the cell structure was intact;in model group,the intestinal villi were seriously ruptured and atrophied,and the goblet cells were incomplete;compared with model group,the morphology of small intestinal villi in positive drug group,low adhesion group and high adhesion group were improved,and the number of goblet cells increased,and the improvement in positive drug group and high adhesion group were more obvious than that in low adhesion group.Compared with control group,the Shannon index and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes(F to B)ratio in model group decreased(P<0.05),and there were differences in genus level(P<0.05).Compared with model group,Shannon index and F to B ratio increased in positive drug group,low adhesion group and high adhesion group(P<0.05).The sample points in the model group could be distinguished from the control group,positive drug group,low adhesion group and high adhesion group,but the coincidence degree of sample points in control group,positive drug group,low adhesion group and high adhesion group were higher.Conclusion:Bifidobacterium can regu-late intestinal flora of constipation mice,improve intestinal running efficiency and protect intestinal mucus barrier.Bifidobacterium with high adhesion is better than Bifidobacterium with low adhesion in relieving constipation in mice.

Objective To evaluate the frequencies and polymorphisms of CCR5-△32,CCR2-641 and SDF1-3'A alleles conferring resistance to HIV-1 infection in Chinese population from Han ethnic origin.Methods This cohort was comprised of 1251 subjects(915 men and 336 women)aged 15 -80 years and none was HIV-1 positive.Genotyping of allelic CCR5-△32,CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A variants was performed using PCR or PCR/RFLP assay,and further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing.Results Our finding shows that the△32 deletion mutation in the CCR5 gene does occur in this population and can be inherited in a Mendelian fashion in indigenous Han Chinese at a very low frequency of 0.00119(n= 1254).The frequencies of mutant CCR2-641 and SDF1-3'A alleles were 0.20023(n = 1251)and 0.2873(n = 893),in this population,which are higher than those found in American Caucasians.Furthermore the polymorphisms of CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A alleles in the Han Chinese population were different from those in American Caucasians.Statistical analysis showed that the genotype distribution of CCR5-△32,CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A alleles was in equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg equation.Conclusion The CCR5-△32 mutation may not be a major resistant factor against HIV-1 infection in indigenous Han Chinese.The significance of higher frequencies of CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A alleles (0.20023 and 0.2791)in the Han population remains to be clarified in HIV-1-positive carriers and AIDS patients.

Objective:To investigate the trend of postoperative cavity status in patients with eosinophilic chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (eCRSwNP) who underwent total nasalization surgery and partial reboot surgery. And to discuss the relationship between tissue eosinophil counts and status of postoperative cavity.Methods:Patients with eCRSwNP in four tertiary medical centers (Longgang ENT Hospital, Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Guangdong Clifford Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University) from March 2018 to October 2021 were divided into 2 groups. The group without previous surgery history was performed for the nasalization surgery, and another group with previous surgery history underwent the part-reboot surgery. The follow-up time after operation was defined as the following 5 stages: 6, 12, 20-24, 36 and more than 42 months. According to FESS-95 Guangzhou standard, status of sinus cavity was assessed and classified into 3 categories: good, better and bad. The association between the sinus cavity status and tissue eosinophil counts in the above 5 stages was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:A total of 72 eCRSwNP patients finished the follow-up in this study. There were 47 males and 25 females in these patients, aged from 11 to 67 years. A total of 50 cases underwent nasalization surgery and 22 cases underwent partial reboot surgery. With the follow-up time from 6 to 48 months, there were 72 cases (100.0%) who completed 6 months and 12 months follow up, 46 cases (63.9%) for 20-24 months, 36 cases (50.0%) for 32-36 months and 16 cases (22.2%) with the follow-up time more than 42 months. No matter what kind of surgery, there was no "bad" situation of the surgical cavity status 6 months after the operation, and the differentiation gradually occurred more than 12 months after the surgery. Moreover, the rates of "good" cavity status for the 5 stages in the group of nasalization surgery were 78.0%, 66.0%, 56.7%, 47.6% and 42.9%, and were 63.6%, 45.5%, 25.0%, 20.0% and 11.1% in the partial reboot surgery group, respectively, suggesting that the status of nasal cavity in nasalization surgery group was always better than that in partial reboot surgery group in every period. In addition, the "bad" rate was 0, 8.0%, 10.0%, 14.3% and 28.6% in the group of nasalization surgery, and was 0, 27.3%, 18.8%, 33.3% and 55.6% in the partial reboot surgery group, respectively. The average percentage of tissue eosinophil counts in the 72 cases was 42.1%, which had no obvious effect on the status of the surgical cavity ( P>0.05). Conclusions:For eCRSwNP patients, the operative cavity status in the patients without previous operation history treated with nasalization surgery is good. The time of 1-2 years after surgery is the main period for sinus lesions. The counts of tissue eosinophils has no significant influence on surgical sinus cavity status in the eCRSwNP patients.

Mitochondrial dynamics, the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission maintain homeostasis, are precisely regulated by fusion/fission-related proteins, and play an important physiological role in mitochondrial metabolism, quality and function. The aberrant changes of these proteins can trigger mitochondrial dynamics imbalance, which cause mitochondrial dysfunctions and result various disease states. This article focuses on gene knockout technology, and reviews the role and application progress of genes encoding for fusion and fission knockout mice in insulin resistance researches, in order to lay a foundation for future studies on signal transduction mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics imbalance in insulin resistance.
Animals ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Insulin Resistance ; Mice ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial Dynamics ; Mitochondrial Proteins