BACKGROUND: As an important part of tissue engineering, vascularization of compound materials is crucial to the survival of seed cells on scaffolds and the functional recovery of original tissues or organs. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the current development of vascularization in tissue engineering repair and reconstruction for urology. RETRIEVAL STRATEGY: An online search was conducted in PUBMED database and CNKI database to identify the articles related to vascularization in urology published from July 2002 to October 2007 using the of "tissue engineering, vascularization, angiogenesis, omentum, growth factor, endothelial progenitor cell, urethra, bladder, urology" in English or in Chinese. Inclusive criterion: The contents of articles were related to vascularization research in tissue engineering repair and reconstruction for urology. Those repeated studies were excluded. LITERATURE EVALUATION: Totally 214 related papers were collected, and 82 of them met the criteria, including 31 and 25 papers related to the use of omentum and growth factor in tissue engineering for urology respectively, and other 26 articles related to the use of seed cells for vascularization in urinary system. Thirty representative articles were selected as the references. DATA SYNTHESIS: At present, the great omentum has been used as a bioreactor. After being wrapped by the omentum, the tissue engineered ureter or bladder can be seen a well vascularized structure. Some researches have also found when acellular matrix is combined with some growth factors, such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, the formation of blood capillary on scaffolds can be promoted. Moreover, various seed cells have been used to construct a substitute material by combining with capillary structure. Not only stem cells but also progenitor cells have been considered as a potential to construct microvascularized tissue engineered organs for urology. CONCLUSION: It is certain that vascularization research is one of the focal points of tissue engineering for urology. But the related research just can be used in laboratory. Few reports are used in clinical practice of urology. So many unsolved problems need an exploration.

The research of urologic reconstruction with tissue engineering techniques has been carried out for a couple of years.However,the clinical application is impeded by the difficulties in drawing materials and lack of sufficient cells for seeding.The stem cells have the ability of self-renewal and differentiating into desired cell lines,which also have the advantage of less invasive to be harvested,provide new opportunities for further research.Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) have been used in the autologous augmentation cystoplasty in recent years,and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells can undergo directed differentiation toward to endodermal derived urothelium in the appropriate signaling environment.The stem cells were supposed to differentiate in urethral tissue like cells in bladder tissue according to the similar inner environment.Transurethral ultrasound(TUUS)-guided injections of autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts is an effective and minimally invasive treatment modality to treat stress urinary incontinence.In addition,eNOS-transduced syngeneic MSCs can improve erectile function through accelerating eNOS expression and improving endothelial-derived NO biosynthesis.

Objective To detect the mutation status of PIK3CA genes in breast cancer and to analyze its relation with clinico‐pathological characteristics .Methods The paraffin tissue samples in 176 cases of breast cancer were selected and the tissue DNA was extracted ,exon9 and exon20 were amplified by ARMS‐PCR .The mutation status of PIK3CA genes were detected ,other tissue samples in 20 cases of mammary gland disease were taken as the negative control .Results Among 176 samples of breast cancer tis‐sues ,45 cases of mutation were found with the mutation rate of 25 .6% ,which was dominated by H1047R mutation rate of exon20 with the mutation rate of 26 .7% (12/45);There were statistical difference between ER (+ ) and ER(-) and between PR(+ ) and PR(-) ,but no statistical difference was found between HER (+ ) and HER(-);PIK3CA gene mutation had correlation with cancer histological grade ,but no obvious correlation with tumor size ,age and lymph node status .Conclusion PIK3CA gene muta‐tion is correlated with breast cancer hormone receptor (HR) expression and tumor progression ;the PIK3CA gene mutation detection has an important significance for guiding the formulation of clinical indiidualized treatment .

Objective To construct a reliable continent tube, which is easy to catheterize and is surgically simple. Methods 10 patients with bladder cancer underwent a procedure in which ileal segment was tapered as an efferent tube,a part of which was placed between the back surface of the rectus muscle and wall of the ileal pouch. Internal orifice of the tapered ileum was anastomosed to the ileal pouch and external orifice of the tapered ileum was anastomosed to umbilicus. Urodynamic and radiological studies were carried out postoperatively on 9 patients. Results The stoma could be easily catheterized with a 16 F catheter in all the patients. One patient died of heart disease 55 days postoperatively. In the other 9 patients, 8 were completely continent day and night. The urodynamic study of the efferent tubes showed a maximum close pressure with a full pouch was significantly higher than those with an empty pouch (t=-7.14,P=0.000098 ). Retrograde radiogram of the efferent tubes showed perfect canalization without stenosis. Conclusion This study suggested that the continent mechanism of tapered ileum can be greatly enhanced by fixing it between the abdominal and the pouch wall,allowing also easy catheterization and surgical simplicity.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of renal oncocytoma. Methods The clinical data of 3 cases with renal oncocytoma treated from 1999 to 2002 were retrospectively analyzed and discussed with literature reviewed. The 3 tumors’size was 7.6 cm?8.5 cm?6.8 cm,10.0 cm?11.5 cm?9.8 cm,10.0 cm?8.0 cm?6.8 cm,respectively.The clinical features were atypical.Renal oncocytoma was characterized by homogeneous attenuation with a central, margined stellate area on CT scan. Results The 3 cases underwent nephrectomy,and the resected tumors were examined by pathology.On light microscopy,there was strong eosinophilic cytoplasm with granules,the tumor cells being tubular or adenoid in pattern with no necrosis and very rare or no mitosis.Enormous mitochondria were noted on electron microscopy.The immunohistochemical staining was positive for cytokeratin and EMA,whereas it was negative for vimentin.The follow-up lasted for 16 to 30 months without recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions Renal oncocytoma is a type of benign,parenchymatous tumor,and it has no specific clinical feature.The diagnosis can be established on histopathologic,immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies.

Objective To explore the regularities and rules of compound herbal formulae for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods Compound herbal formulae on NAFLD published in journals of CNKI (1979.1-2014.1), VIP (1989.1-2014.1) and CBMdisc (1979.1-2014.1) were analyzed with association rule, frequency analysis and cluster analysis.Results In 107 prescriptions, 179 herbs were involved, and frequency of usage of those herbs was 1499. A cluster analysis was used to analyze 37 herbs with high frequency (≥10) of usage, which were classified into 9 clusters including promoting circulation, clearing heat herb, diuretic herb, food stagnation herb, regulating qi herb, phlegm-resolving herb, qi tonics herb, yin-nourishing herb, qi-activating herb and purgating herb. 30 pairs of herbs and 33 rules for NAFLD were obtained by association rule analysis.Conclusion It was a point of view to understand the regularities and rules of Chinese herb prescription on NAFLD by data mining.

10 ng/ml). Results The diagnost ic rate of 3 groups was 44.5%,29.8%,57.4% respectivly. Conclusions The advantages of the procedure were correct acquiring of prastate ti ssue,more accurate approach and depth of the puncturing needle,avoiding injury t o the nearby tissue and raising the diagnosis rate of prostatic carcinoma.

Objective To construct a reliable and continent urinary reservoir,which is surgically simple. Methods (8 adult mongrel female dogs underwent a procedure in which an ileal segment was tapered as an efferent tube and a 1.5 cm in width of Dilurn polyester with a tension of 400g was used to suspend the efferent tube to enhanced the continent mechanism of the tapered ileum.) Urodynamic and radiological studies were carried out postoperatively in all. Results All the stomas could be easily catheterized with a 14 F catheter. The urodynamic study of the efferent tubes showed the maximum close pressure ranged from 117 cmH 2O to 157 cmH 2O,with a mean of 137 cmH 2O.Retrograde radiogram showed perfect canalization of the efferent tube without stenosis and pouchgram revealed no contrast medium in the efferent tube. Conclusions This study suggested that the continent mechanism of tapered ileum can be greatly enhanced by the suspension technique.

Objective To investigate the possibility of urethroplasty with a free graft of colic mucosa for the treatment of complex anterior urethral stricture of long length. Methods Six dogs underwent a procedure in which the urethral mucosa was totally removed and replaced with a free graft of colic mucosa. All the dogs were sacrificed 12 weeks after the procedure for histological examination of urethra.Besides, a patient with complex anterior urethral stricture was treated by urethroplasty with the use of a colic mucosal graft.Retrograde urethrography,urethroscopy and uroflowmetry were carried out 3 months after operation. Results Histological examination revealed that all the grafted colic mucosa have survived in the urethra of the experimental dogs and some of the glandular epithe lium has been transformed into urethelium. Clinically,the patient voided well after removal of the urethral stent.Neither necrosis of the neourethral mucosa nor stenosis at the anastomosis sites has been observed on urethroscopy. Retrograde urethrogram demonstrated a wide urethral caliber with no significant graft sacculation. Uroflowmetry examination showed the maximum flow rate was 30 ml/s. Conclusions Colic mucosa graft urethroplasty is an effective one stage procedure for the treatment of complex anterior urethral stricture. The technique is useful for urethral reconstruction when local or preputial skin and buccal or bladder mucosa are not available.

Objective To evaluate bulbourethral sling procedure in the treatment of post prostatectomy incontinence. Methods 5 patients with post prostatectomy incontinence underwent the bulbourethral sling procedure.Preoperatively 1 patient was completely incontinent and 4 patients required a mean of 3.5 pads per day.The mean duration of incontinence was 4.5 years. A sling tension of a mean of 500 g was used to correct incontinence. Results 4 patients have been completely dry,whereas postoperative difficulty in voiding occurred in the other patient and was corrected by subsequent transurethral bladder neck revision resulting in free passage of urine and continence. Conclusions The bulbourethral sling procedure is an effective means in the treatment of post prostatectomy incontinence.