Objective To investigate the quality of Pulsatilla chinensis from different sources on reference of pulchinenoside B4 as the index. Methods Five kinds of Pulsatilla chinensis herbs and cut crude drug were purchased from Chinese herbal medicine market in Bozhou,and Wild Pulsatilla chinensis were collected from Chuzhou. The content of pulchinenoside B4 were determined by HPLC. Results Linear relationship was good within 0.312 5～10 ?g,the regression equation was Y=276 350X -12 180,R2= 0.999 6. Conclusion The differences of pulchinenoside B4 from different sources of Pulsatilla chinensis varied greatly.

Objective To evaluate the effects of continuous application of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on Oncomelania hu-pensis snail control in a marshland,river and channel. Methods The Beiwei marshland in Houxiang Town,the Xiaoliang River in Lingkou Town and Laomiao channel in Yunyang Town in Danyang City were selected as study sites,and 4%niclosamide etha-nolamine salt and 26%niclosamide powder were used to kill the snails. Based on the historical records and field investigations, the effects of continuous application of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on snail control were evaluated. Results Compared with the first time of snail repetition,the snail areas decreased by 82.80%,63.14%and 70.00%in the Beiwei marshland,Xiaoliang River and Laomiao channel,respectively,in 2013. There was a positive correlation between the area and density of snails(r=0.931, 0.975 and 0.916,respectively;all P values < 0.05). The average densities of living snails decreased significantly by 92.34%, 87.91%and 97.66%,respectively. There was a negative correlation between the corrected mortality of snails and the average densi-ty of living snails in the following year,and a negative correlation between the reduction rate of living snail density and the average density of living snails in the following year. Conclusion Molluscicides plays an important role in compressing the snail area,re-ducing the snail density,and controlling the schistosomiasis transmission.

Objective To study a new method and technical specification for Oncomelania snail control in irrigation canals.Methods Four percent niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder was dusted in a test canal three times continuously,and a control canal was set up at the same time.The molluscicidal frequency and effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder was observed and the results,including the change of living snail frames,average density of living snails and mortality of snails,were analyzed.Results Between the third and fifteenth day after the first dusting in the test canal,the reduction rate of the density of snails was more than 90% and after the second and third dusting,the reduction rate was more than 99%.For the average rates of living snail frames and mortality of snails,there were significant differences between the first dusting and later two dustings,while there was no significant difference between the second dusting and the third dusting.On the thirtieth and ninetieth day after the third dusting,the effect of snail control was still satisfactory.There were significant differences between the test canal and control canal about all the observation indexes.Conclusion The application of 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt dustable powder is efficient in the snail control in irrigation canals,and the suitable frequency of dusting is 2 or 3 times.

Objective T o determine the normal range of the 33 elements (Li, Be, B, mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V , Cr, mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Th and U ) in human whole blood of general population in Hunan province. Methods Blood samples were ana-lyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-mS ) to determine the normal range. T he influences of district, gender and age to the element content in blood samples were also observed. Re-sults T he normal range of 33 elements in blood samples fromgeneral population in Hunan province were obtained. Gender was shown to statistically influence the concentrations of B, mg, Ca, Ti, mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Hg and Pb (P<0.05), while age was shown to influence the concentrations of Co, Ni, Cs and Hg in women (P<0.05) as well as Cu, Se and Hg in men(P<0.05). Conclusion Although there are variables in different districts, the normal ranges of trace element in blood of the four cities in Hunan province are established.

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of prevention of Oncomelania snail dispersal with the mode of leading water from middle level of water body by the culvert pipelinet in the electric pumping station. Methods The snails were detected in the floats by riverhead and the irrigation areas, and the snails were hold up by the block in the exit of pump. The snail investigation was carried out in the irrigation system areas and the results were compared between the study area and the control area. Results The snails were discovered in the floats of riverhead of the electric pumping station. However, there were no any snails in the exit of pump after the block snail treatment and no any snails in the irrigation areas, either. There were snails in the control areas Conclusion The mode of leading water from middle level of water body by the culvert pipelinet is very effective for the prevention of Oncomelania snail dispersal.

Objective To evaluate the cost-benefit of the project with the mode of collecting water from middle layer of water body by the culvert pipelinet.Methods The cost-benefit analysis was carried out by the way of benefit-cost ratio for the project with the mode of collecting water from middle layer of water body by the culvert pipelinet without indirect cost and indirect benefit,and according to the price of 2005.Results The direct costs was 34 thousand yuans in the project with the mode of collecting water from middle layer of water body by the culvert pipelinet.The saved costs of prevention and treatment were 1011 thousand yuans,the net benefit was 977 thousand yuans and the net benefit-cost ratio was 28.7∶1 following the project implemented.Conclusion The investment is small but the benefit is high in the project of collecting water from middle layer of water body by the culvert pipelinet.The technique has the notable worthiness of applications.

AIM: To construct the shRNA targeting anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) gene for exploring the effect of AGR2 on the biological behavior of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells.METHODS: The expression of AGR2 at mRNA and protein levels in NPC cell lines 6-10B and 5-8F was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot.The pSR-GFP/Neo-AGR2-shRNA expression vector targeting AGR2 was constructed.Based on the interference targeting AGR2, the cell migration and motility were determined by Transwell migration and motility assays.RESULTS: The expression of AGR2 was increased in NPC cell line 5-8F compared with NPC cell line 6-10B (P <0.05).When the AGR2 expression in 5-8F cells was interfered, the cell migration, invasion and tumorigenicity were weakened.CONCLUSION: The expres-sion of AGR2 is up-regulated in NPC cell line 5-8F.pSR-GFP/Neo-CLU-shRNA successfully inhibits the expression of AGR2 in NPC cell line 5-8F.AGR2 inhibits the migration, invasion and tumorigenicity of 5-8F cells in vivo.

Objective To identify the possible existing suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides(ODNs)in the DNA sequence which encodes Schistosoma japonicum 22.6 kDa(Sj22.6)antigen.Methods Several ODNs within the DNA sequence encoding Sj22.6 antigen were synthesized.Splenocytes separated from mice were stimulated with optimal immunostimulatory CpG 1826 in the absence or presence of different synthetical ODNs.The suppressive efficacy of each ODN was examined by 3H-TdR incorporation.Results ODN F311 suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes caused by CpG 1826 stimulation.The significant suppression was observed when ODN F311∶CpG 1826 at a ratio of 1∶1 and 3∶1,the suppression reached 11% and 58% respectively.The maximal inhibition was observed when ODN F311 was pre-administered with CpG ODN for 2 h.Conclusions Certain suppressive ODN exists in the DNA sequence encoding Sj22.6 antigen,and this effect shows dose-and time-dependent manner.

Objective An effective reproducible protocol for complete plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis has beendeveloped for Herpetospermum pedunculosum,an endangered Tibetan medicinal herb.Methods The cotyledonexplants used in this study were excised from seedlings germinated in vitro.Callus was induced from cotyledonexplants on Murashige and Skoog's medium,supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D,0.1-1.0mg/L)alone or in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine(BA,0.5,1.0,and 2.0 mg/L).Results The calli showeddifferentiation of globular embryos after three weeks of incubation on MS medium supplemented with variouscombinations of BA and NAA.Sixty-two percent of the embryogenic calli produced somatic embryos in MS basalmedium supplemented with BA(1.0 mg/L)+NAA(2.0 mg/L).The addition of KN(0.5 mg/L)to MS mediumcontaining both BA and NAA(2.0 mg/L each)significantly increased the frequency of somatic embryogenesis.Themaximum percentage of embryogenic calli formation was 83%,and globular embryos formed and germinatedsuccessfully in this medium.Then,transferring the regenerated plants from this medium to hormone-free MSmedium will further enhanced the development of the plants,and the healthy plantlets are formed successfullywithin four weeks.The plantlets were transferred to soil to acclimatize under greenhouse conditions and 75%survived.Conclusion Somatic embryogenesis protocol as reported here can play a key role in the propagation andconservation of this endangered species.

Malaria remains one of the most serious public health problems in tropical and subtropical countries and regions. In the control of the vector Anopheles, insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, which have been promoted to interrupt malaria transmission by only preventing indoor blood-sucking by adult mosquitoes, consequently have been widely used in malaria-endemic areas. However, the efficacy of these measures in interrupting malaria transmission is gradually decreasing due to the development of mosquito resistance. In contrast, Anopheles larval source management can effectively reduce the population density of indoor and outdoor blood-sucking, wild and domestic mosquitoes. It can also be combined with adult mosquito control to become an important adjunct to existing adult mosquito control measures. In more than 70 years of malaria control and elimination in China, according to different conditions in different places, exploration and practice have been carried out in different types of control of malaria Anopheles larvae, such as habitat modification, habitat manipulation, larviciding, and biological control. These efforts have accumulated rich experience and resulted in strategies tailored to local conditions, integrated control, community involvement, and methodological innovation. This paper outlines the main practices and basic strategies of Anopheles larval source management for malaria control in China, with the aim of providing references for malaria control in other regions where malaria is still endemic.