Objective To observe the changes of intracerebral amino acid transmitters in the periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of newborn rats with microdialysis and so as to explore the role of excitotoxicity in PVL.Methods Replicated the model for PVL at the age of postnatal day 5 (P5) by intracerebral injection of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA).Before injection of 3-NPA,and 15 min,30 min,45 min,60 min,75 min,90 min after injection of 3-NPA,collected the sample of extracellular fluid (ECF) at the corpus callosum above the left ventricle through microdialysis,respectively.After microdialysis,the experimental rats were allowed to survive to P6-P14,and then they were killed and the brains were prepared for HE stain.The amino accids of dialysate were quantified through high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),and then the excitotoxic index (EI) was calculated.Results Fifteen min to 45 min after injection of 3-NPA,the concentrations of glumate (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) of ECF elevated significantly,and then returned to the normal levels.Fifteen min to 75 min and 15 min to 30 min after injection of 3-NPA,the concentrations of glycine (Gly) and GABA significantly elevated,respectively,and returned to normal levels at 90 min and 45 min after injection of 3-NPA,respectively.But the EI,which indicated the balance of excitatory amino acids(EAAs) and inhibitory amno aciols(IAAs),significantly elevated 15 min to 75 min after injection of 3-NPA,then retured to normal level after 90 min.Sub-cortical and periventricular white matter rarefaction and significant lateral ventricle enlargement were observed in HE staining.Conclusions Changes of intracerebral amino acid transmitters in the PVL of newborn rats show regularity:EAAs,IAAs of ECF and EI elavate in the early stage,and then return to the normal level quickly.It indicates that excitotoxicity play a great role in PVL,especially at the early stage.Therefore,the preventions of PVL must be executed at the early stage.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and environmental e-cigarette exposure among residents living in Guangzhou City, so as to provide the evidence for the development of the e-cigarette control policy. Methods: Permanent university students living in Guangzhou City were recruited as investigators from July to October 2021, and the permanent adult residents in communities where the university students lived were randomly selected as participants. Subjects' demographic features, e-cigarette use, passive viewing of e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertising were collected using both online and offline questionnaire surveys, and the association of e-cigarette use with passive viewing of e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertising were examined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 948 questionnaires were allocated, and 874 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 92.19%. The respondents had a mean age of ( 34.96±13.76 ) years. There were 420 men ( 48.05% ), and 426 married residents ( 48.80% ). The prevalence of e-cigarette use was 14.99%, and the rate of e-cigarette use was 23.81% in men and 6.83% in women. In addition, 27.27% of respondents at ages of 35 to 44 years used e-cigarette, 479 respondents viewed e-cigarette advertising ( 54.81% ) and 510 respondents had at least once passive viewing of e-cigarette use ( 58.35% ). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that a higher frequency of exposure to e-cigarette advertising ( OR: 3.064-5.784, 95%CI: 1.683-12.620 ) and a higher frequency of passive viewing of e-cigarette use ( OR: 2.182-2.349, 95%CI: 1.094-4.526 ) led to a higher rate of e-cigarette use. Conclusions E-cigarette use is affected by passive viewing of e-cigarette use and exposure to e-cigarette advertising among community residents in Guangzhou City. Supervision and restriction is recommended for e-cigarette advertising, marketing, and use in public places.

Objective To prepare a bionic artificial bone scaffold using a room temperature three dimensional (3D) printing technique and evaluate its biocompatibility and bioactivity in vitro.Methods A room temperature 3D printing technique was applied to fabricate 3D bionic artificial bone scaffolds using collagen/hydroxyapatite.The physico-chemical structure,porosity and mechanical strength of the scaffolds were assessed.The extract liquid of scaffolds was cocultured with bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to evaluate the toxicity of scaffolds.There were 3 experimental groups:blank control with no scaffolds,printed scaffolds group and non-printed scaffolds group.The condition of BMSCs on the scaffolds was observed via scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and immunostaining.3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and SEM were applied to monitor the proliferation of BMSCs on the scaffolds.At last,alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes were detected to assess the osteoinductive property of the scaffolds.Results The 3D printed scaffolds fabricated in the present study were characterized by highly interconnected pores which were controllable and even in size.The cross section of the scaffolds presented an irregular honeycomb-like microstructure.The porosity of printed 3D scaffolds (71.14％ ± 2.24％) was significantly higher than that of non-printed scaffolds (59.04％ ±2.98％) (P ＜ 0.05).The physico-chemical structures of the materials were preserved after printing without additional cytotoxicity.The MTT results at 7 and 14 days revealed that the printed scaffolds had a significantly more cell numbers than the non-printed scaffolds(P ＜ 0.05).SEM showed that the BMSCs adhered well onto the printed scaffolds and proliferated and migrated through the pores.Compared with the blank control,the printed scaffolds showed obviously better osteogenic outcomes.Conclusion The 3D bionic artificial bone scaffolds of collagen/hydroxyapatite manufactured by a room temperature 3D printing technique can provide a good extracellular matrix for BMSCs to proliferate and differentiate.

Vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of pandemic influenza. Because influenza virus is highly variable across strains, universal influenza vaccines need to be developed to address this problem. This review describes the research progress in conserved epitopes of influenza virus, the advances in the research and development of universal influenza vaccines based on the relatively conserved sequences of NP, M2e, HA2, and headless HA, the mechanisms of cross-protection, and the methods to improve cross-protection.
Animals ; Cross Reactions ; Humans ; Orthomyxoviridae ; immunology ; Species Specificity ; Viral Proteins ; immunology ; Viral Vaccines ; genetics ; immunology

Objective To prepare biphasic calcium phosphate/polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds by 3D printing at room temperature and explore the effect of 3D scaffolds on in vitro osteogenic differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).Methods After biphasic calcium phosphate and polyvinyl alcohol solutions were mixed,the biphasic calcium phosphate/polyvinyl alcohol composite scaffolds were prepared by room temperature 3D printing combined with freeze drying technique.Non-printing scaffolds were prepared by injection molding.The surface microstructure,porosity,elastic modulus and hydrophilicity of the 2 sorts of scaffolds were measured.The cytological experiments were carried out in 3 groups (n =3):printed scaffold group,non-printed scaffold group and blank control group (no scaffold).After the BMSCs were seeded onto the scaffolds for 7 and 14 days,the 3 groups were compared in terms of cellular proliferation,alkaline phosphatase activity and expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes.Results 3D composite scaffolds with controllable pore size and porosity were prepared successfully,with an average porosity of 59.6％ ± 3.6％ and an average elastic modulus of 429.3 ± 54.3 kPa.After culture for 7 and 14 days,the cellular absorbance values in the printed scaffold group (0.987 ± 0.047 and 1.497 ± 0.076) were significantly higher than those in the non-printed scaffold group (0.767 ±0.063 and 1.181 ±0.098) (P ＜ 0.05) which were in turn significantly higher than those in the blank control group (0.532 ±0.046 and 0.895 ± 0.062) (P ＜ 0.05).After culture for 7 and 14 days,the ALP activity and expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes in the printed and non-printed scaffold groups showed no significant between-group differences (P ＞ 0.05),but were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Tissue-engineered composite biphasic calcium phosphate/polyvinyl alcohol scaffolds with controllable pore size and good connectivity can be prepared by freeze-drying and room temperature 3D printing techniques.Co-culture of the scaffolds and BMSCs in vitro promotes adhesion,proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the cells.

Objective To explore the change of sexual life quality and its influencing factors of premenopausal breast cancer patients.Methods 94 premenopausal breast cancer patients were included. Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire short-form (CSFQ-14) was used and part of its items was changed. Their sexual life was evaluated before and after treatment by using depth interview and anonymous methods. Results 94 cases received face-to-face communication and study. 88 (93.6%) questionnaires were received, in which 81 (92.1%) questionnaires were effective. Their sexual life quality and sexual satisfaction significantly decreased and there was significant difference in the CSFQ-14 score (P<0.001) before and after treatment. The ratio of bad, worse, and worst sexual life were 39.5%, 29.6%, and 14.8% respectively after treatment. 65.4% of the patients had no sexual activity. The reasons included medical related factors, fear of cancer metastasis and recurrence, physical discomfort, poorer body image, partner sexual attitudes changed, life stress, common psychological problems, traditional ideas and so on. Conclusion Sexual dysfunction was obvious and sexual life quality significantly decreased in premenopausal breast cancer patients after treatment. Patients' physical and mental damage, the change of body image and spouse's attitude are significant influencing factors. It is necessary to give sexual rehabilitation guidance to patients and their spouses.

Objectives To calculate the rate of pathological underestimation for core needle biopsy (CNB)- diagnosed intraductal papillary tumors, to analyze the clinical and imaging data of patients and to dis-cuss factors for underestimation. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing core needle biopsy and subsequent surgical excision was performed. 1359 female patients undergoing CNB from Jan. 2010 to Feb. 2013 in Comprehensive Breast Health Center of Ruijin hospital were analyzed. Clinical, radiological and histo-logical variables were assessed using the Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test and a binary logistic regression model in order to predict pathological underestimation for tumors. Results There were 50 patients with CNB-di-agnosed intraductal papillary tumors. The overall underestimation rate was about 44%(22/50). CNB-diagnosed atypical papillary lesions (OR=15.164, 95% CI 1.49-170.443) and BI-RADS 5 by MRI (OR=26.766, 95% CI 2.409-297.440)were significantly related to underestimation in these patients. Conclusions Considering the high underestimation rate in CNB-diagnosed intraductal papillary tumors, routine surgical excision should be per-formed to avoid potential malignancy, especially for patients with high risk factors. MRI is helpful in these pa-tients to predict underestimation.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the brain pathological changes following exdogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) intraventricular transplantation in neonatal rats with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and to explore the feasibility of NSCs transplantation for the treatment of PVL in premature infants.

METHODSNSCs were prepared from E14 embryonic rat brain. Two-day-old neonatal rats were randomly divided into six groups: PVL, PVL+culture medium, PVL+NSCs, sham operation, sham operation+culture medium, and sham operation+NSCs (18-21 rats each group). Intraventricular transplantation of exdogenous NSCs was performed 72 hrs after PVL induction or sham operation. The cerebral pathological evaluation was undertaken by light microscopy 7, 14 and 21 days after transplantation.

RESULTSThe pathological changes in the cerebral white matter were gradually improved with the prolonged time after transplantation. After 21 days of transplantation, 50% of the cerebral white matter showed mild pathological changes and 50% of that showed severe pathological changes, with neuronal pathological scores of 1.28+/-0.86, in the untreated PVL group. In the PVL+NSCs group, 30% of normal white matter, 40% of mild and 30% of severe pathological changes in the white matter were observed, with neuronal pathological scores of 0.32+/-0.16, 21 days after transplantation. There were very significant differences in both of pathological changes in the cerebral white matter and neuronal pathological scores between the PVL and PVL+NSCs groups (x2=10.7, P<0.01; F=29.664, P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSIntraventricular transplantation of exdogenous NSCs can apparently improve cerebral white matter damage. It is suggested that intraventricular transplantation of NSCs is of a great potential feasibility for the treatment of PVL in premature infants.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Brain ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Leukomalacia, Periventricular ; pathology ; therapy ; Neurons ; cytology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stem Cell Transplantation

To decrease the hemolysis side effect of puerarin, the basic formula and preparation of puerarin submicron emulsion were optimized and the physicochemical properties were evaluated. Puerarin submicron emulsions were prepared by phase inversion-ultrasound combining with phospholipids complexes technology. The effects of preparative parameters, such as emulsification time, stirring velocity and ultrasound time, on mean diameter, span of dispersity, entrapment efficiency and overall desirability were investigated. The three dimensional response surface graphs were produced by second-order polynomial and liner equation, which predict the optimal experiment conditions. All response variables were found to be greatly dependent on three independent variables. Second-order polynomial equations were fitter than liner equations for this study. The optimal emulsification time, stirring velocity and ultrasound time was 15 min, 2 000 r x min(-1), 30 min, respectively. The mean diameter, span of dispersity, entrapment efficiency, drug content and zeta potential of emulsions prepared by the method were 228.23 nm, 0.628 4, 84. 32%, 9.98 mg x mL(-1), - 29.03 mV, respectively. Puerarin submicron emulsion was prepared by the optimized preparation method. The narrow particle diameter distribution, high envelopment efficacy and good stability were obtained. The physicochemical properties were suitable for the requirement of the intravenous emulsion.
Emulsions ; Isoflavones ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Particle Size

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical features of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with prostatitis and the role of prostatitis in progression of BPH. METHODS: From July 2003 to Feb. 2009, 466 patients diagnosed BPH were enrolled in this study. Several items including age, history, IPSS, volume of prostate, prostatic special antigen (PSA) and related parameters, Qmax, acute urinary retention (AUR) and the way of treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 423 patients were diagnosed as BPH with prostatitis (90.77%, PS/BPH group), and 43 were BPH without prostatitis (9.23%, BPH group). Compared with the BPH group, patient's history of the PS/BPH group was longer, IPSS/QOL was increased, the volume of total prostate and transitional zone were larger, maximum flow rate was decreased and risk of AUR was increased, and the proportion of BPH-related surgery was higher.There was no significant difference in patient's age, tPSA, fPSA, f/tPSA, and PSAD between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Prostatitis may be one etiological factor for BPH. Patients with inflammation were more likely to progress clinically in terms of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), acute urinary retention (AUR), or BPH-related surgery.
Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; complications ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Prostatitis ; complications ; diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Urinary Retention ; etiology