Objective To compare the effects of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) and intermittent hemofiltration (IHF) on the hemodynamics and clinical outcomes of patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome. Methods From May 2008 to June 2011, 34 patients diagnosed with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome were admitted to our hospital and received CVVHQ9 cases) or IHF (15 cases). The general data, acute hemodynamic changes before and after hemofiltration and clinical outcomes at 28 days after hemofiltration were evaluated. Results There were no significant differences in the heart rates, diastolic blood pressure between the two groups before and after hemofiltration (P>0.05). The systolic pressure was similar between the two groups before hemofiltration (P>0.05), but that in the IHF group was significantly lower than that in the CVVH group after hemofiltration (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the maximal mean pressure or blood pressure changes between the two groups at 48 h after hemofiltration(P>0.05), but the minimal mean pressure in IHF group was significantly lower than that in the CVVH group (P<0.05). The improvement of cardiac function and the mortality rates at 28 d after hemofiltration were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05). Multivariate analysis suggested that APACHE II was the main influence factor of 28-day mortality of patients, and APACHE II and net ultrafiltration were the main influence factor of the minimal mean pressure. Conclusion Compared with IHF, CVVH fails to greatly reduce the mortality of patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome. The severity of the disease is the main influence factor for the hemodynamic changes and the 28-day mortality of patients with type 1 cardiorenal syndrome.

It is the measurement of high-loss dielectric to measure the permittivity and conductivity of biologic tissue.But now it is difficult to measure them accurately.Good result is got by measuring complex permittivity of phantom model at2450MHz using perturbation method,which is meaningful for the research on biologic tissue simulation by phantom model.

It is a kind of precise method tomeasure the complex permittivities of the phantom model by vector network analyzer.But it is difficult tomeasure them accurately because the phantom model is jelly-like gel and is hard tobe shaped.Network decompositon method can be used toresolve it and it has great meaning tostudy the phantom model simulating the biologic tissue.

Aim To investigate the inhibitory and in-duction effects of the active components of SIWU de-coction on cytochrome P450 enzymes ( CYP ) and as-sess the CYP based drug interaction. Methods Ac-tive components fructose, ferulic acid, paeoniflorin, li-gustrazine and their combinations were incubated sepa-rately with human liver microsomes ( HLM) and probe substrates. Metabolites of the CYP probe substrates were determined by LC-MS/MS to assess the inhibitory activities on human CYP1 A2 , 2 B6 , 2 C9 , 2 C19 , 2 D6 and 3 A4 . Sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes model was used to evaluate the CYP1 A2 and CYP3 A1/2 induc-tion. Results The inhibitory rates on CYP1A2, 2B6, 2 C9 and 2 C9 by the test groups at 100 μmol · L-1 were all < 62%, while the activities of CYP3 A4 and 2D6 were not affected. The CYP1A2 activities in the test groups of peoniflorin and its combinations ( 50μmol·L-1 ) were significantly enhanced, with the in-creasing fold more than 40% of positive control group. No significant induction on rat CYP3 A1/2 was ob-served for four principles and their combinations. Con-clusions The active components of SIWU decoction do not show significant inhibitory effects on six CYP isoforms. Peoniflorin could induce the CYP1A2 activity in rat hepatocytes. The induction activity is enhanced by the concomitant use of peoniflorin with ferulic acid and/or ligustrazine.

The metabolic characteristics of ligustrazin (TMPz) in liver microsomes were investigated in the present study. The reaction phenotyping of TMPz metabolism was also identified by in vitro assessment using recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) and UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). TMPz was incubated at 37 degrees C with human (HLM) and rat liver microsomes (RLM) in the presence of different co-factors. The metabolic stability and enzyme kinetics of TMPz were studied by determining its remaining concentrations with a LC-MS/MS method. TMPz was only metabolically eliminated in the microsomes with NADPH or NADPH+UDPGA. In the HLM and RLM with NADPH+UDPGA, t1/2, K(m) and V(max) of TMPz were 94.24 +/- 4.53 and 105.07 +/- 9.44 min, 22.74 +/- 1.89 and 33.09 +/- 2.74 micromol x L(-1), 253.50 +/- 10.06 and 190.40 +/- 8.35 nmol x min(-1) x mg(-1) (protein), respectively. TMPz showed a slightly higher metabolic rate in HLM than that in RLM. Its primary oxidative metabolites, 2-hydroxymethyl-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazine (HTMP), could undergo glucuronide conjugation. The CYP reaction phenotyping of TMPz metabolism was identified using a panel of recombinant CYP isoforms (rCYP) and specific CYP inhibitors in HLM. CYP1A2, 2C9 and 3A4 were found to be the major CYP isoforms involved in TMPz metabolism. Their individual contributions were assessed b) using the method of the total normalized rate to be 19.32%, 27.79% and 52.90%, respectively. It was observed that these CYP isoforms mediated the formation of HTMP in rCYP incubation. The UGT reaction phenotyping of HTMP glucuronidation was also investigated preliminarily by using a panel of 6 UGT isoforms (rUGT). UGT1A1, 1A4 and 1A6 were the predominant isoforms mediated the HTMP glucuronidation. The results above indicate that the metabolism of TMPz involves multiple enzymes mediated phase I and phase II reactions.

The metabolic characteristics of ligustrazin (TMPz) in liver microsomes were investigated in the present study. The reaction phenotyping of TMPz metabolism was also identified by in vitro assessment using recombinant human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) and UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGT). TMPz was incubated at 37 degrees C with human (HLM) and rat liver microsomes (RLM) in the presence of different co-factors. The metabolic stability and enzyme kinetics of TMPz were studied by determining its remaining concentrations with a LC-MS/MS method. TMPz was only metabolically eliminated in the microsomes with NADPH or NADPH+UDPGA. In the HLM and RLM with NADPH+UDPGA, t1/2, K(m) and V(max) of TMPz were 94.24 +/- 4.53 and 105.07 +/- 9.44 min, 22.74 +/- 1.89 and 33.09 +/- 2.74 micromol x L(-1), 253.50 +/- 10.06 and 190.40 +/- 8.35 nmol x min(-1) x mg(-1) (protein), respectively. TMPz showed a slightly higher metabolic rate in HLM than that in RLM. Its primary oxidative metabolites, 2-hydroxymethyl-3, 5, 6-trimethylpyrazine (HTMP), could undergo glucuronide conjugation. The CYP reaction phenotyping of TMPz metabolism was identified using a panel of recombinant CYP isoforms (rCYP) and specific CYP inhibitors in HLM. CYP1A2, 2C9 and 3A4 were found to be the major CYP isoforms involved in TMPz metabolism. Their individual contributions were assessed b) using the method of the total normalized rate to be 19.32%, 27.79% and 52.90%, respectively. It was observed that these CYP isoforms mediated the formation of HTMP in rCYP incubation. The UGT reaction phenotyping of HTMP glucuronidation was also investigated preliminarily by using a panel of 6 UGT isoforms (rUGT). UGT1A1, 1A4 and 1A6 were the predominant isoforms mediated the HTMP glucuronidation. The results above indicate that the metabolism of TMPz involves multiple enzymes mediated phase I and phase II reactions.
Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; metabolism ; Drug Interactions ; Glucuronosyltransferase ; metabolism ; Humans ; Ligusticum ; chemistry ; Microsomes, Liver ; enzymology ; NADP ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Pyrazines ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid ; metabolism ; pharmacology

The safflower floret is a traditional Chinese medicine used to promote blood circulation and remove obstruction in the channels. The spines on its bracts are considered a handicap when manual harvest is involved. In this study, cDNA-SRAP was used to systematically investigate which genes are associated with the spines. Sixty pairs of possible primer combinations were used on two cDNA pools representing spininess and spinelessness. Six transcript-derived fragments were identified, of which two with low recombination were sequenced successfully and named as GPY-1 and GPY-2. By using the RACE method, the full-length cDNA of GPY-2 is cloned and named as CTL-spn. The full-length cDNA of CTL-spn was 1 679 bp long with a 1 524 bp ORF encoding a 508 aminoacid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of the CTL-spn gene shared a high homology (97%) with other known ATP synthase CF1 alpha subunits. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA of GPY-1 and GPY-2 accumulated in only spiny lines. Considering the important role of ATP synthase CF1 alpha subunit in plants, it may directly take part in the formation process of spininess and enhancing resistance reaction of spiny safflower. Also, our results provide the important insights for breeding spineless cultivars of safflower.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Carthamus tinctorius ; enzymology ; genetics ; Chloroplast Proton-Translocating ATPases ; genetics ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Complementary ; Plant Proteins ; genetics

Objective To investigate CT findings in gastric stromal tumors(GST).Methods Both plain and enhanced spiral CT findings in 46 cases with gastric stromal tumor were retrospectively analyzed.In all patients,diagnosis was confirmed with immunohistochemical markers.CT features were retrospectively studied and summarized.Statistical analysis of the shape,growth pattern,necrosis and enhancement patterns was performed with X2 test in 43 cases with single gastric stromal tumor.Results Of the 46 GST patients,43 patients had single GST and multiple GST was detected in 3 cases.In the 43 cases with single GST,tumors were found in the gastric body in 24 cases,gastric fundus in 16 cases,and in the gastric antrum in 3 cases.GST mostly grow along the vertical plane of gastric wall,with a large size but local attachment.The tumor size was less than 5era in diameter in 14 cases.Of them,ten cases had a regular shape,10 cases showed homogeneous enhancement,and 4 cases exhibited central necrosis,7 tumors showed intra-luminal growth and 5 tumors showed extra-luminal growth,while the other 2 cases involved both intra and extra lumina.Twenty-nine cases had tumors larger than 5cm in diameter.Of them,24 cases had irregular shape,27 cases showed inhomogeneous enhancement,24 cases had central necrosis,5 tumors showed intra-luminal growth and 9 tumors showed extra-luminal growth,while 15 cases involved both intra and extra lumina.The tumor size of GST closely was related to the shape,growth pattern,necrosis and the inhomogeneous enhancement patterns of the GST(P<0.05).The enhancement of the tumor was more intense in venous phase and delayed phase.Five cases showed septal enhancement,4 tumors exhibited marked enhancement in arterial phase with up to 60 HU.Conclusions CT can precisely display the location,shape and size of gastric stromal tumors.It is very helpful to provide useful information for early diagnosis and evaluation.

Objective To analyze the imaging features of ovarian thecoma-fibroma in multi-slice CT (MSCT )and improve the di-agnostic level.Methods CT features of 26 patients with 28 pathologically confirmed lesions were analyzed retrospectively.Correla-tion between tumor length and ascites and menopause was analyzed.Results Of 26 patients (28 lesions),24 patients were unilateral, 2 patients were bilateral.Of 28 lesions,there were 18 ovarian thecoma,6 fibrothecoma and 4 fibroma.The longest diameter of tumor ranged from 34.74 mm to 227.64 mm (mean value 101.06 mm±42.25 mm).The longest diameter of tumor in the group of ascites (n=1 7)was larger than that of without ascites.All the tumors had well-defined border,with 24 of them round or oval in shape,4 lobulated;with 22 of them solid in composition,4 mixed,2 cystic;with 20 of them inhomogeneous in density.The tumors showed no or mild enhancement,0-5 HU added CT value in 1 1,5-10 HU in 1 1,10 -20 HU in 6,with 4 cases showing multiple slim blood vessels during the arterial phase.Conclusion The typical imaging features of ovarian thecoma-fibroma were unilateral,oval,solid mass with well-defined border,no or mild enhancement (less than 20 HU)and accompanied by ascites.These characteristics will be helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ovarian thecoma-fibroma.

BackgroundFlap creation is one of the most important steps during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). As the microkeratome blade technology is developing, the accuracy, uniformity and reproducibility of corneal flaps created by the microkeratome blade are of high clinical concern. ObjectiveThe aim of this trial was to compare the features of corneal flaps created using the Moria M2 microkeratome 110 μm-knife with regular blade versus the Med-Logics O blade. MethodsA pilot and prospective study was designed. Two hundred and four eyes of one hundred and two patients were enrolled in this clinical trial. The patients were divided into the Moria M2 microkeratome 110 μm-knife with Med-Logics 0 blade group ( 110-0 group) ( 102 eyes) and Moria M2 microkeratome with 110 μm-knife with regular blade group (110 group) (102 eyes),with the matched demography. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography ( RTVue OCT) was used to measure flap thickness using 28 settings on the 204 corneas at one week postoperatively. The features of the LASIK flaps were analyzed on the basis of the outcomes. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to LASIK. Results There was no statistically significant difference in uncorrected visual acuity and the mean spherical equivalent between the 110-0 group and 110 group ( Z =-0. 375,P =0. 708 ; u =0. 056, P =0. 956 ) one week after LASIK. The mean flap thickness of the 110-0 group was considerably thinner than that of the 110 group ( 133.28+15.41μ m versus 142.81 ±10. 07μm) ( u =-5. 227,P＜0. 001 ). The corneal flaps in both the 110-0 group and in 110 group showed a meniscus shape. The nasal flap thickness of the right eyes was not evidently different from that of temporal ( P＞0. 05 ) , but in the left eyes, nasal flap thickness was obviously thicker than the temporal flap thickness (P＜0. 05) in both groups. The mean deviation between the achieved and attempted flap thickness ( 130 μm) were (17.46±2.28) μm in the 110-0 group and ( 16. 82±6. 12) μm in the 110 group, showing a significant difference between them ( u ==0. 517, P=0. 608 ).ConclusionsThe shape of flaps created using the Moria M2 110-0 is more uniform and closer to the expected thickness of 130 μm than the ones created using the Moria M2 110 microkeratome.