Objective To understand the situation of indoor air fluoride and arsenic pollution caused by coal-burning and the impact of the pollution on children health in the rural area,southern Shaanxi Province.Method 77 fluoride samples and 186 arsenic samples were collected in 65 investigated villages of 5 counties in southern Shaanxi Province.13 120 children aged 8-12 years were selected for dental fluorosis examination,13 386 children aged 6-18 years for arsenism examination.Results Both of the average content of fluoride and arsenic in the indoor air exceeded the national standard limit.Fluorine content was 0.001-0.541 mg/m3 with an average of 0.038 4 mg/m3,arsenic content was 0.00-63.83 ?g/m3 with an average of 4.76 ?g/m3.The prevalence rates of dental fluorosis and arsenism were 45.50% and 1.86% respectively.Conclusion The indoor air fluoride and arsenic pollution caused by coal-burning in the investigated rural area is serious and the pollution has caused the prevalence of endemic fluorosis and endemic arsenism among the local children.

Objective To establish a method to quantify the residual cross-linker vinyl sulfone and its hydration product 1 ,4-Thioxane-1 ,1-Dioxide.Methods The polysaccharide was precipitated by ethanol,however vinyl sulfone and its hydration product were soluble,and can be analyzed by direct injection.The analysis was carried on Agilent DB-wax capillary column (30m ×0.53 mm,1.0 μm).The flame ionization detector (FID)and flame photometric detector (FPD)were used to detect samples and the efficiency were compared. Results The linear range of vinyl sulfone and its hydration product were separately 0.5 ~20μg/mL and 2~100μg/mL detected by FID.The Limit of Quantity (LOQ)were 0.8μg/mL and 2.3μg/mL, respctively.The Limit of Detection (LOD)were 2.6μg/mLand 7.6μg/mL,respectively,and the average recoveries (n=9)of them were 104.3%and 92.4%,respectively.Conclusion FID could meet the needs of the test,and this method is simple and accurate with high sensitivity and good repeatability,which can be used for quality control of trace vinyl sulfone and its hydration products 1 ,4-Thioxane-1 ,1-Dioxide in cross-linked sodium hyaluronate injection.

Objective To master the running conditions of water project and the defluoridation results in monitoring sites of drink-water type fluorosis in Shaanxi Province,to provide a scientific basis of preventing and controlling endemic fluoroisis. Methods Every April and September 1998—2005 children aged 8～12 at school from the two monitoring sites of Wupo and Bayi village received the dental fluorosis examination by using the Deans method.The urine samples of 50 children from 5 age groups who were selected randomly and were grouped in 5 with 10 children each were collected,measured in accordance with WS/T 89—1996 Determination of Fluoride in Urinlon Selective Electrode Method,evaluated by Manual of Endemic Fluorosis Control(1991). At least 5 water samples were collected randomly from five directions(east,west,north,south,center).The fluoride contents in urine and drinking water were determined with FSIE,in accordance with GB/T 5750--2006 Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water,evaluated by GB 5749—2006 Standards for Drinking Water Quality.Results After changing water,morbidity rate of children dental fluorosis fell from 66.67%in 1998 to 31.79%in 2005 and the dental fluorosis index also fell form 1.49 to 0.65 of Wupo village,morbidity rate of children dental fluorosis fell from 33.15%in 1998 to 13.10%in 2005 and the dental fluorosis index also fell from 0.50 to 0.24 of Bayi village.The fluoride contents in urine of children and the fluoride contents in drinking water were maintained stability.Conclusion After water improvement,the fluorosis has been effectively controlled in a certain degree in the investigated area.

Objective To investigate the current situation of coal-burning-borne endemic arsenism in the disease affected areas,the usage of anti-arsenism stove and the formation of related behavior;,to evaluate the control effect,so as to provide a basis for development of control strategies.Methods Surveillances were carried out according to the provisions and requirements of The Surveillance Project for Shaanxi Institute Coal-Burning-Borne Endemic Arsenicosis (Trial.).Four villages in two counties of Ankang city and Hanzhong city in Shaanxi Province were monitored in 2010-2014.Using simple random sampling method,10 families in each village were randomly selected to survey the situation of the stove used and related behavior changes.Five households in each village were randomly selected; arsenic level in coal was determined; high arsenic exposed population was investigated according to Endemic Arsenism Diagnostic Criteria (WS/T 211-2001).Urine samples of 30 patients with arsenism were randomly selected to determine the arsenic content.Results The proper utilization rate and the qualified households of improved stoves and iron stoves were all low; the correct drying rate and the correct storage rate of peppers and corns were higher than 95％.The washing rate of corns and peppers before eating were all 100％.A total of 100 copies of coal samples were tested and the arsenism content was between 12.295-455.827 mg/kg,and the geometric mean value of the arsenism content was (91.819 ± 80.989)mg/kg.Seventeen thousand eight hundred and fifty-five individuals were investigated and 1 232 cases of arsenism were diagnosed in the 4 villages; the prevalence rate was 6.90％ (1 232/17 855); urinary arsenism content was between not detected-0.287 mg/L; and the geometric mean value of the arsenic content was 0.033 mg/L.Conclusions The coal-burning-borne endemic arsenism in Shaanxi is in a prevalent state; many anti-arsenism stoves are out of order; and the proper utilization rate is low.To strengthen the disease surveillance,health education and management of anti-arsenism stoves are key measures in control of coal-burning borne endemic arsenism in the future.

Objective To investigate the influence of fluoride and arsenic exposure on children's intelligence and growth development.Methods The illness seriously and lightly affected areas in the coal-burning-borne arsenism and fluorosis areas in the south part of Shaanxi were selected as survey sites from 2011 to 2012,while the illness non-affected areas as controls.Children's IQ was tested,dental fluorosis and growth level of 8-12-year-old students in the school were investigated by random sampling,and the differences of children's IQ and the level of their growth among different groups were analyzed.Urine samples of the children were collected to determine the fluoride and the arsenic content.Results In the illness seriously affected,lightly affected and nonaffected areas,the medians of urinary fluoride of children were 1.96,0.81 and 0.54 mg/L,respectively; and the medians of their urinary arsenic were 0.023,0.019 and 0.018 mg/L,respectively.The average IQ levels were 101.22 + 15.97,104.83 ± 12.78 and 107,92 + 13.62,respectively.In illness seriously affected,lightly affected and non-affected areas,the differences of their height,weight,chest circumference and lung capacity between groups(x2 =36.549,25.859,28.021 and 45.627,all P ＜ 0.01) were significantly different.The height,weight,chest circumference and lung capacity of the children in illness seriously affected(136 cm,31 kg,64 cm,1 432 ml) and lightly affected areas (137 cm,30 kg,65 cm,1 433 ml) were all less than those of the illness non-affected areas (141 cm,34 kg,67 cm,1 660 ml,Z =-5.858,-4.151,-4.196,-4.500,-5.189,-3.240,-6.698 and -4.008,all P ＜ 0.01) ; lung capacity of children in illness seriously affected areas was less than that of the illness lightly affected areas (Z =-2.395,P ＜ 0.05).Their urinary fluoride and arsenic levels were negatively correlated with their IQ(r =-0.560,-0.353,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Fluorine and arsenic exposure is not conducive to children's intellectual development and growth.We propose to strengthen the measure of changing stove furnace in order to provide a healthy growth environment for children.

Objective To investigate the effects of ropivavaine on gamma -aminobutyric acid(GABA)-activated membrane cur-rents in isolated dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons of the rats with ischiadic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) and to discuss the possible analgesia mechanism of ropivacaine .Methods The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record and compare the changes of GABA receptor activation currents of acute isolated DRG neurons after 30 s of ropivacaine preperfusion in the oper-ating side and the operative opposite side of the CCI model rats and the sham-operation group .Results (1)Compared with the oper-ative opposite side ,the sham-operation group and the control group ,the thermal withdrawal latency in the operative side group of the CCI model rats was notablely shortened(P<0 .05);(2)the amplitude of GABA-activated currents with different concentration GABA(0 .1-1 000μmol/L) in the operative opposite side group of the CCI operation was significantly greater than that of the op-erative side group and the sham-opeartion group ;(3)DRG neurons after ropivacaine preperfusion (0 .1-1 000μmol /L) showed va-rying degrees of enhancement effect on the 100 μmol/L GABA-activated currents ,the enhancement amplitude in the CCI operative opposite side group was significantly greater than that in the operative side group and the sham-operation group ;(4)The dose-re-sponse curve of DRG neurons GABA (0 .1-1 000μmol/L) activated current in the operative side group of the CCI rats after ropiva-caine pre-perfusion (100 μmol/L) was shifted to the left ,the difference between two EC50 had no statistical significance (P>0 .05) .Conclusion Ropivacaine has the enhancement effect on GABA activated currents in the DRG neurons of the CCI model rats , which could be one of reasons for ropivacaine producing the anesthetic and analgesic effect .

Objective To investigate the relationship between levels of arsenic and selenium in hair and urine of patients with arsenic poisoning caused by coal-burning.Methods Based on the Standard of Diagnosis for Endemic Arsenism (WS/T 211-2001),about fifty arsenism or suspicious patients over 40 years old were separately selected from Haoping Town and Shuang'an Town of Ziyang County,and the high-arsenic stone coal of Haoping Town was consumed in these two towns,all patients were divided into suspicious,light,moderate,and severe groups.Five coal samples were collected from homes of patients with arsenic poisoning,which were crushed to pieces and sufficiently mixed,0.5 kg of the crushed coal was collected by quartering method to determine arsenic and selenium content;at the same time,5 water samples were collected in homes of patients with arsenic poisoning to determine arsenic and selenium content;in each investigation site,5 ploughs were selected according to the five directions as east,west,south,north and centre,to collect 15-30 cm soil of plough layer,after blending with four points method of shrinkage,1.0 kg was collected to determine arsenic and selenium content in the soil;the urine of all patients instantly and 0.5 g hair sample within 20 mm from the scalp on occiput were collected to determine arsenic and selenium content.Dual channel atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer was used to measure the arsenic and selenium content in the coal,water,soil,urine and hair samples.The contents of arsenic and selenium in coal,water and soil were expressed as （x） ± s;the contents of arsenic and selenium in urine and hair were expressed as medium (M) and quartile range (QR).Results The patients with arseniasis in moderate and severe groups from Shuang'an Town accounted for 9.8％ (5/51) of the total number of patients;the patients in moderate and severe groups from Haoping Town accounted for 39.2％ (20/51).Compared between the two towns of the proportion of arsenic poisoning clinical index,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =31.224,P ＜ 0.01).Compared between Haoping Town and Shuang'an Town,the arsenic contents of soil [(150.71 ± 127.10),(71.10 ± 22.75) mg/kg],water [(0.004 1 ± 0.000 2),(0.006 3 ± 0.000 4) mg/L],urine [0.025 2 (0.023 2),0.026 7 (0.025 6) mg/L] and hair [2.54 (3.52),2.81 (5.98) mg/kg] were not significantly different (Z =-0.913,-1.776,-0.079,-0.544,all P ＞ 0.05).The selenium contents of soil [(5.93 ± 5.76) mg/kg],water [(0.036 9 ± 0.001 8) mg/L],urine [0.056 3 (0.152 2) mg/L] and hair [3.65 (5.43) mg/kg] in Shuang'an Town were higher than those of Haoping Town [(2.41 ± 1.03) mg/kg,(0.006 1 ± 0.000 6) mg/L,0.015 6 (0.013 4) mg/L and 1.52 (2.05) mg/kg],the differences were statistically significant (Z =-2.619,-2.611,-4.765,-2.485,all P ＜ 0.01).There was a positive correlation between hair arsenic and arsenic in clinical grading (r =0.874,P ＜ 0.01);there was a negative correlation between hair selenium and arsenic in clinical grading (r =-0.400,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions High selenium environment affects the severity of patients with arsenic poisoning,indicating that selenium may promote arsenic metabolism and reduce arsenic accumulation in vivo.Selenium may have an antagonist effect on arsenic.

Objective To establish the chromogenic substrate method to determine the activity of cytochrome C.Methods Used TMB as the chromogenic substrate, reacted at 37 ℃ for 15 min, generated the yellow products, and detected the absorbance at 450 nm.The experimental design method is the 4 ×4 parallel line quantitative analysis.ResuIts The activities of cytochrome C injection samples have been determined.The linear regression equation was Y=0.9875 X -1.0221,R2 =0.9996.The accuracy and repeatability were 1.1 % and 3.6 %.ConcIusion The chromogenic substrate method was simple operation, sensitive and can be used to determine the activity of cytochrome C.

Objective To evaluate neurodevelopmental outcome of very preterm(gestational age ＜ 32 weeks) and very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) (weight ＜ 1 500 g) and to examine the effectiveness of an early intervention program till 12 months corrected age.Methods Seventy followed-up very preterms and VLB-WI in Jinan Maternity and Childcare Hospital were enrolled in this study from January 2012 to and were divided into two groups by birth weight.All infants received 20 items of behavioral neurological assessment at 1 to 12 months corrected age and tested mental and psychomotor development with the use of CDCC at 6,12 months corrected age.The preterms who were abnomal in the 20 items of behavioral neurological assessment would receive early intervention (including kinesitherapy, physiotherapy, cereal circulation therapeutic equipment) by physiotherapists and their parents who received an intervention program training and were strongly encouraged to participate in the intervention sessions.The intervention method was adjusted according to the neurological assessment.The SPSS statistical software package for Windows, version 15.0, was used to run Fisher's exact test and t-test on the data presented,and P value of less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.Results The average gestational age of infants was (30.4 ± 1.8) weeks,and average birth weight (1 463.7 ± 307.5) g.The incidence of extrauterine growth restriction was 57.1％ at first follow-up.The incidence of neurodevelpmental impairment NDI) and cerebral palsy tendency at 6 corrected months were 14.3％ ,8.6％ respectively.At 12 months corrected age,the incidence of NDI decreased to 2.9％ and cerebral palsy to 2.9％.There was significant difference in the incidence of NDI between 6 and 12 corrected months.There was no significant difference in the incidence of psychomotor developmental index ＜ 70, mental developmental index ＜ 70, NDI and cerebral palsy between the two groups.Conclusion The early intervention program can improve VLBWI neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 months' corrected age and reduce the incidence of cerebral palsy.

Objective To put forward reasonable and feasible recommendations aiming at enhancing the application safety of afterloading unit, through studying the human reliability in the emergency response against the source blockage of afterloading unit.Methods Based on the human cognition reliability model, ten operation errors during the emergency response against the source blockage of afterloading unit were analyzed and permissible time widow of emergency response operation were determined.The human error probability was calculated with the execution time of emergency response operation obtained through simulation, observation and recording.Results The operation action, relevant permissible time window and execution time were obtained with the corresponding human error probabilities in the range 0.04 - 0.27.Conclusions The human error model in emergency response against the source blockage of afterloading unit based on HCRmodel is feasible, and provides important reference basis to reduce the occurrence of potential exposure and mitigate the consequence of potential exposure.