Objective To investigate graduate students' common compulsory courses settings of the Military Medical University and put forward suggestions.Methods With self-made questionnaires,we investigate with simple random sampling all the concerned principals of teaching about their opinions of English,politics and statistics courses.Results Most of the experts thought graduate students should not be required to study English but test should be required(68.9％),that politics course was more than required (76.0％),and the percentage of the experts who thought the contents in graduate and undergraduate courses were less overlapped and more overlapped is respectively 47.9％ and 46.6％.Conclusion To satisfy scientific research needs of graduate students in military medical university,the common courses should be reformed,including teaching politics in various methods like lectures,taking software studying and experiment design into statistics,implementing the policy of students taking English test in the exemption of English study,etc.

Objective To evaluate the effect of TLR2McAb and TLR4McAb on intestinal flora of DSS-induced colitis in mice. Methods Fifty healthy male BALB/c mice (SPF level), were randomly assigned into five groups: the control group( group A), the UC model group( group B), TLR2McAb intervention group( group C), TLR4McAb intervention group( group D) and TLR2McAb + TLR4McAb intervention group(group E). Clinical symptoms were evaluated by the disease activity index(DAI), while tissue sam ples were evaluated by histological scoring(HS). The quantities of mRNA for IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 were determined by real-time PCR. Meanwhile, fecal samples were obtained directly from the cecum for microbiological studies. Results After the treatment with TLR2McAb and TLR4McAb, DAI and HS were decreased significantly. Compared with group A, inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 in group B were higher. Compared with group B, expression of these three cytokines in group C to E was all markedly decreased. Group A showed a considerable predominance of Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp,while the UC model group showed a conspicuous increase of Escherichia coli and decreases of Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp. After treatment with TLR2McAb or/and TLR4McAb, Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp increased to the normal level. But counts of E. Coli in the three intervention groups were not changed. Conclusion TLR2McAb and TLR4McAb suppressed the development of DSS-induced colitis and increase cecum counts of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.

OBJECTIVETo test the different contrctile responses of extracellular nucleotides, such as ATP, UTP and nucleotide uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A) in gastric longitudinal muscle (LM) and circular muscle (CM). Examined the effect of P2X and P2Y receptor antagonists (in this study, we used IP5I and suramin) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) on Up4A induced contractile responses in LM and CM.

METHODSThe rats were sacrificed and the stomachs were opened to gain LM and CM. Using organ bath system to assess contrctile responses of smooth muscle.

RESULTSUp4A could induce contractile responses in both CM and LM, which were similar with ATP and UTP. IP5 did not attenuate Up4A could induce contractions in both LM and CM, but suramin and indomethacin significantly inhibited Up4A contraction in CM, but not in LM.

CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that extracellular nucleosides and their inhibitors induce different responses between LM and CM.

Adenosine Triphosphate ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Dinucleoside Phosphates ; pharmacology ; Indomethacin ; Muscle Contraction ; Muscle, Smooth ; physiology ; Nucleotides ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Suramin ; Uridine Triphosphate ; pharmacology

Objective To discuss the short-term clinical effect including functional change of lipiodol- arsenic trioxide emulsion on the primary hepatic carcinoma.Methods Fifty-two patients undergone arterial chemoemblization were selected and then randomly divided into two groups:treatment group(n=27)and control group(n=25).Patients in treatment group were treated with lipiodol-arsenic trioxide,while those in control group treated with mitomycin,epirubicin,cisplatin or lipiodol.Clinical symptoms and six liver function parameters were observed and analized.Results The clinical symptoms of patients in treatment group improved much better than those in control group,and the liver function impairment of patients in treatment group also decreased more than those in control group.Conclusions Lipiodol-arsenic trioxide is an effective and safe intervention-therapeutic embolization material for primary hepatic carcinoma.

OBJECTIVETo explore relationship between HBV DNA level and peripheral blood follicular helper T lymphocyte (Tfh) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and its significance.

METHODSHBV DNA levels of 179 cases of CHB patients with positive HBV DNA, positive HBeAg and positive human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-A2 were tested with real time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Tfh and HBV specific CTL were tested with flow cytometry. IL-21 was also tested. 179 cases of CHB patients were divided into group A and group B based on HBV DNA levels, 86 cases in group A, HBV DNA levels were 10(4)-10(5) copies/ml, 93 cases in group B, HBV DNA levels were 10(6)-10(7) copies/ml. Above testing indexes of the two groups were compared.

RESULTSHBV DNA levels of group A were (4.85 +/- 0.37) log10 copies/ml, HBV DNA levels of group B were (6.83 +/- 0.31 ) log10 copies/ml, t = 27.31, P < 0. 001; Tfh of group A was (5.96 +/- 1.59)%, higher than that of group B (3.71 +/- 2.15)%, t = 4.92, P < 0.01; IL-21 of group A was (42.61 +/- 15.11)ng/L, higher than that of group B (14.91 +/- 3.15) ng/L, t = 8.62, P < 0.01; HBV specific CTL of group A was (0.36 +/- 0.08)%, higher than that of group B (0.18 +/- 0.06)%, t = 19.99, P < 0.001.

CONCLUSIONSerum HBV DNA level of CHB patients is related to the level of peripheral blood Tfh level: patients with low HBV DNA level have high Tfh level, high IL-21 level and high HBV specific CTL level. Patients with high HBV DNA level have low Tfh level, low IL-21 level and low HBV specific CTL level. The mechanism of baseline HBV DNA level affecting anti-viral therapy may be related to Tfh level.

Adult ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; genetics ; Female ; HLA-A2 Antigen ; immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; blood ; immunology ; virology ; Humans ; Interleukins ; immunology ; Male ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; cytology

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of Botulinum toxin type A(BTX-A) repeated injection into detrusor to treat detrusor hyperreflexia and neurogenic incontinence in spinal cord injury(SCI) patients.Methods6 patients with SCI were included into the study.300 U of BTX-A was dissolved in saline 15 ml,and injected into 30 different sites in detrusor using a flexible cystoscopic needle.BTX-A injection was repeated 3 times for all the patients.Urodynamic examination,voiding diary and toxic effects were recorded.ResultsThe improvement for symptoms was observed within 5 to 21 days.The effects of injections lasted averagely 8.9 and 5.8 months for each injection.After the first injection,the mean frequency of incontinence decreased from 10.1 /d to 3.3 /d.The mean volume of intermittent catheterization(IC) increased from 98.5 ml to 404.2 ml each time.Mean cystometric volume increased from 95.4 ml to 385.6 ml,mean maximum storage detrusor pressure decreased from 105.8 cmH2O to 31 cmH2O.After the second injection,the mean frequency of incontinence decreased from 9.7/d to 3.7/d.The mean volume of IC increased from 108.3 ml to 387.2 ml each time.Mean cystometric bladder storage volume increased from 105.4 ml to 375.6 ml.Mean maximum storage detrusor pressure decreased from 97.8 cmH2O to 33 cmH2O.After the third injection,the mean frequency of incontinence decreased from 9.2/d to 3.9/d.The mean volume of IC increased from 115.7 ml to 363.9 ml each time.Mean cystometric volume increased from 102 ml to 357.6 ml.Mean maximum storage detrusor pressure decreased from 98.1 cmH2O to 36.9 cmH2O.The patients were followed up for 6 months.No adverse and toxic effect was observed.ConclusionBotulinum toxin type A repeated injection into detrusor is effective,safe,feasible and mini-invasive to treat detrusor hyperreflexia and neurogenic incontinence in patients with SCI.Botulinum toxin type A repeated injection into detrusor is effective,safe,feasible and mini-invasive to treat detrusor hyperreflexia and neurogenic incontinence in patients with SCI.

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of sacral neuromodulation using a new tined-lead electrode on neurogenic bladder.MethodsThe use of a new tined-lead electrode for sacral neuromodulation was evaluated in a study including 5 consecutive patients with neurogenic bladder.The tined leads were implanted at the S3 foramen under the X-ray screening.Subjects completed the recording of detailed voiding diary pre-and post-operation including fluid intake,voided volume,leaked volume,catheterized volume,frequency,accompanying symptoms and sensation.Vesicourethral function was assessed by video-urodynamics.ResultsUrinary frequency and voided volume were improved 22% and 49% respectively in one patient with spinal bifida.Urinary frequency,voided volume and residual volume were improved 0.7%,11% and 46% respectively in another one.Urinary frequency,voided volume and residual volume were improved 0.4%,18% and 44% respectively in the third one.Frequency of leakage and leaked volume were improved 36% and 54% respectively in the patient with brain trauma.Frequency of CIC and catheterized volume were improved 42% and 54% respectively,and indexes of urodynamics were improved 37%～45% in the patient with spinal cord injury.ConclusionA new tined-lead electrode for sacral neuromodulation provide a new alterative and minimally invasive procedure to treat neurogenic bladder.

ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy and safety of sacral neuromodulation(SNM) for the treatment to neurogenic bladder.MethodsOne patient with neurogenic bladder after spinal bifida underwent the therapy of SNM 42 months ago.The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated and followed up by means of the symptom improvement and voiding diaries.ResultsDuring the test stimulation period,there were significant improvements(>50%) in the objective findings and subjective symptoms.This patient received permanent electrode and neurostimulator implantation and lower urinary tract symptoms were improved continuously until 42 months.ConclusionSNM may be effective for some neurogenic dysfunctions of the bladder.

ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and efficiency of transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate(HoLEP) for the aged.Methods50 old patients(above 70) with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) accepted HoLEP.All patients were assessed with IPSS,QOL,Qmax and PVR before and 3 months after operation.ResultsBefore the treatment,the mean IPSS was 22.9 and was 9.7 3 months after operation,while the mean QOL was 5.3 and 2.1,Qmax was 7.2 ml/s and 14.3 ml/s,PVR was 127.5 ml and 19.3 ml.ConclusionHoLEP is a safe,effective procedures for treating BPH.

Background and purpose:Remarkable advances have been made in cancer chemotherapy by developing new anticancer drugs and therapy strategies.However,multidrug resistance in human cancers remains a major clinical challenge for cancer treatment.Attempts in several clinical studies to reverse multidrug resistance protein (MDR) by using MDR modulators have not yet generated promising results.Our aim was to explored the mechanism of reversal of multidrug resistance in human leukemia K562 cells by PI3-K inhibitor.Methods:Trypanblue dye exclusion method was used to observe the drug sensitivity and the effect of LY294002 on the drug resistance.Western blot to analyze P-gp and p-Akt phenotypes,and flow cytometer was used to measure the intracellular drug accumulation. Results:K562/D induced by DNR was cross resistant to DNR,ADR,VCR and VP16 (Resistance Index:65,52,134 and 50 respectively).DNR induced over-expressions of P-gp and p-Akt in K562/D cells;LY294002 increased the intracellular drug accumulation,and then reversed the drug resistance to DNR,ADR,VCR and VPI6 in K562/D cells(Resistance Index:23,21,63 and 29 respectively),but not in the sensitive cells (K562/S).Conclusion:The multidrug resistance of K562/D cells can be induced by DNR which is related to the P-gp and p-Akt over-expressions, and LY294002 can reverse multidrug resistance in human leukemia cells in vitro via inhibits PI3-K/Akt pathway.