Objective To determine the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in China,and provide information for managing STD case-reporting,investigating under-reporting and evaluating STD epidemic.Methods The gonorrhea and syphilis case-reporting data from 31 provinces in 2005 were collected with systematic sampling by months of February,May,August and November through National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention,and the coverage of the casereporting by county category in 31 provinces were analyzed.Results The average coverage of gonorrhea case-reporting were 56.66%,66.33%,68.90% and 68.27% in February,May,August and November in 2005,respectively,while the average coverage of syphilis were 42.61%,55.56%,59.46% and 60.59% in these months,respectively.The coverage of case reporting in developed or southeast ern areas,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Chongqi,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,and Fujian provinces was higher by more than 80%.However,the coverage in economically less-developed or west ern areas,including.Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Yunnan,Guizhou,Qinghai and Tibet provinces,was lower by less than 50%.Conclusions Overall,the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in the country is relatively low,which directly compromises the accuracy of STD case reporting data.It is suggested that management,surveillance and evaluation of STD case reporting should be strengthened,especially in economically less-developed or western areas.

Objective:To screen the best decocting technology by multi-index comprehensive score combined with response sur-face. Methods:The content of paeoniflroin and the ratio of dry extraction were used as the indicators, and response surface Central Composite with two factors and five levels was used in the experimental design. The effects of the ratio of solvent to solid, decocting du-ration and decocting times on the preparation process of tonic semifluid extract of ten ingredients were studied. Results:Design Expert 8. 0. 6b software was used for the data analysis. A quadratic mathematical model between the factors and the comprehensive score of paeoniflroin content and the ratio of dry extraction was established. Combined with the actual production, the best decocting conditions were as following:the ratio of solvent to solid was 10. 6 ml·g-1 , the decocting duration was 96 min, and decocted 3 times. Conclu-sion:The optimal decocting technology is scientific, reasonable and stable.

Objective To investigate the status of the plague natural focus and assess the risk of plague in regions with large scale engineering construction project,in order to provide a basis for plague prevention and control.Methods The survey was carried out in 14 regions with large scale engineering construction project of 40 counties in Guizhou Province in 2000-2011,2-3 towns were selected in each county and 2-3 villages in each town,the plague hosts and flea vectors in the residential houses and outdoors were investigated,the sera of 5 animals were collected in each village.The capture rate of hosts and flea index were calculated.Then the samples were cultured and serological tested for plague.Results The density of rodents was 1.14％-3.87％ in the reservoir region' residential building of hydro power station (Tianshengqiao,Pingban,Silin,Guangzhao,Sanbanxi,Dongqing,Qianzhong,Shatuo) and Xingyi airport,and Rattus flavipestus was the dominant species.The density of rodents was 0.00％-0.84％ in the reservoir region of hydro power station (Hongjiadu,Yingzidu,Goupitan,Longtan) and Jinyang district; the total flea index in Yinzidu,Pingban,Longtan reservoir regions of hydro power stations were 3.16,2.00,1.06,3.47 and 1.99,respectively.A total of 21 rodent and flea samples from Tianshengqiao hydro power station were tested positive for F1 antigen of the plague.Three strains of Yersiniapestis were isolated.Nine rat filter paper blood samples and 7 sera of indicative animals were tested plague F1 antibody positive.Other regions with large scale engineering construction project were tested negative.Conclusions The reservoir region of Tianshengqiao hydro power station is endemic areas of the plague,where belong to high risk areas.The density of Rattus flavipestus is higher than the controlling standard of the country in the reservoir region of hydro power station (Pingban,Silin,Guangzhao,Sanbanxi,Dongqing,Qianzhong,Shatuo),where belong to potential risk areas.The plague prevention and monitoring should be continually strengthened to reduce the risk of plague.

Objective To survey the major host animal and media fleas of plague in Beipanjiang Basin,to gain insights into plague foci and to provide a basis for prevention and control of plague.Methods According to the epidemiological site survey methods,from 2008 to 2010 five villages in five townships (towns) in coastal watershed of Beipanjiang were selected.The methods of cage trapping and 5 meters thread clamp were used to capture rodents indoor and outdoor,respectively.After rats were anesthetized with ether anesthesia,rat body flea were combed and stored in sterile tubes.The liver and spleen of rodents were collected and stored in the test tube with preservation solution,and free body fleas on rats were collected with flea sticky paper and stored in sterile tubes.Blood specimens (5 ml) of indicating animal and normal people were collected,serum was separated and sent for laboratory test.The four-step method was utilized to isolate Yersinia pestis from rodents and fleas,the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) was used to test F1 antibodies on the blood of rodents filter,blood serum of humans and rodents.Results Totally 243 rodents were captured,202 indoor and 41 outdoor,the capture rate was 4.90％ and 1.15％,respectively.Rodents captured belong to 9 species,4 genera,1 family and 1 order,Rattus flavipectus and Mus pahari were dominant species.Five rodents had body flea,the dyed flea rate was 2.06％;53 fleas were captured,total flea index was 0.218 1.Rat fleas were classified in 2 families,2 genera and 2 species,and Cheopis was the dominant species.Yersinia pestis and plague F1 were not detected.Conclusion The epidemic indication has not been found in Beipanjiang Basin,but the nurturing conditions for Rattus flavipectus plague foci along the coast are exist.

Objective To investigate the trends in and characteristics of syphilis epidemiology in China,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies.Methods An epidemiological study was performed on syphilis cases reported from 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities between 2000 and 2013.Results The reported syphilis incidence increased yearly from 6.43 per 100 000 person-years in 2000 to 32.86 per 100 000 person-years in 2013,with an average annual growth rate of 13.37％.Syphilis was reported in most (99％) counties/districts in China mainland except for a few remote mountain areas,with a significant difference in the incidence of syphilis between different regions.The regions with a high incidence of syphilis included minority areas in Northwest China (Xinjiang,Qinghai and Ningxia),Minjiang River area,Yangtze River Delta (Zhejiang,Shanghai),Zhujiang River Delta (Guangxi,Guangdong),etc.There had been a rapid increase in the incidence of syphilis in some regions previously reported to have a low incidence (such as Guizhou,Shaanxi,Henan,etc).Among the reported cases,female patients predominated with an average male/female ratio of 0.92 ∶ 1.The incidence of syphilis was highest in the age group of 20-39 years,but increased yearly by more than 30％ in the population aged ＞ 60 years.Of 20 occupations,peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (31.56％) of syphilis cases,and retired population showed the most rapid increase by about 27.35％ per year.The constituent ratio of primary and secondary syphilis in all the syphilis cases had declined yearly,while that of latent syphilis increased by more than 50％ after 2010.Conclusions Syphilis remains a major public health issue in China,and measures based on the epidemiological features are urgently needed to effectively control epidemic syphilis.

Objective To investigate the effects of inosine on the neuronal apoptosis and the expression of cytochrome C mRNA after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats,and to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of inosine. Methods SD rats model of focal ischemic reperfusion was induced by intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with a nylon monofilament suture. Inosine (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally twice following MCAO. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidy1 transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end -labeling (TUNEL) staining. In situ hybridization was performed to examine the expression of cytochrome C mRNA. Results TUNEL-positive cells were observed 2 h after reperfusion and peaked at 1 d and 2 d after reperfusion in cortex and striatum respectively. Inosine reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells at and after reperfusion 12 h. Cytochrome C mRNA expressed in cortex and striatum of ischemic hemisphere as early as at 2 h after reperfusion and reached a peak at 12 h and 1 d in cortex and striatum respectively. Inosine could diminish the expression of cytochrome C mRNA at and after reperfusion 12 h. Conclusions Inosine might play a neuroprotective role by inhibiting the neuronal apoptosis and the expression of cytochrome C mRNA which were induced by cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.

Objective To explore the expression and significance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in hepatic fibrosis.Methods Fifty-six cases of patients with hepatic fibrosis were selected as observation group and 50 healthy persons as control group.Immunohistochemistry were performed to detect VEGF and TGF-β1 in two groups.Results Serum VEGF and TGF-β1 in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group(VEGF:(110.87 ±32.64) μg/L vs (15.98 ±6.75) μg/L,t =20.166,P ＜0.001;TGF-β1:(15.08 ±4.27) ng/L vs (7.17 ±2.86) ng/L,t =11.066,P ＜ 0.001) ;There were significant differences on VEGF and TGF-β1 level among S1,S2,S3 and S4 subgroups(VEGF:(84.25 ±16.86) μg/L vs (101.87 ±36.70) μg/L vs (118.04 ±40.75)μg/L vs (134.65 ± 45.73) μg/L,F =15.689,P =0.015 ; TGF-β1:(10.87 ± 2.64) ng/L vs (13.06 ± 2.74)ng/L vs (17.87 ± 3.28) ng/L vs (22.76 ± 4.75) ng/L,F =12.438,P =0.026).VEGF had positive correlation with TGF-β1 (r =0.532,P =0.013).Conclusion VEGF and TGF-β1 level have close relationship with the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis.Combined detection of VEGF and TGF-β1 can be serum index for diagnosis and evaluation disease condition.

Objective To explore the value of galactography in diagnosis of nipple discharge diseases. Methods Galactographies in 101 cases with nipple discharge confirmed by operation and pathology were analyzed restrospectively. Results There were breast duct ectasia in 23 cases, breast cystic hyperplasia in 12 cases , ductal inflammation in 8 cases, intraductal papilloma in 46 cases, ductal carcinoma in 9 cases, ductal tuberculosis in 1 case and normal duct in 2 cases. Conclusion The galactography is beneficial in diagnosis of the pathogenesis of galactorrhea and is of great value in differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions.

Objective To establish a guinea pig model for diagnostic reagent of tuberculosis.Methods By single or multiple subcutaneous injection of heat-killed H37 Rv in different doses in the groin of guinea pigs to establish a model of positive response to 0.1 mL (5 IU) standard tuberculin ( TB-PPD) skin test.Results Three doses of heat-killed H37 Rv ( 0.2 mg/mL, 0.3 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL ) could be used to generate the model of biological diagnosis of tuberculosis.After 24 and 48 hours, the diameter of red spot by TB-PPD skin test was 15.4 ±2.3 mm when a dose of 0.2 mg/mL heat-killed H37 Rv was administered for immunizing and allergizing the guinea pigs.The biggest red spot was induced at doses of 0.3 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL.The test results showed that the immune response induced by multiple njection to immunizing and allergizing guinea pigs was not significantly different than that induced by single immunizing injection, and the first skin test was better than the second, third and fourth skin test (P≤0.05).In addition, the body weight of the guinea pigs was still increasing after infection with heat-killed H37 Rv, and ulcers occurred in the injection sites in some guinea pigs.Conclusions A single subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/mL heat-killed H37 Rv in guinea pigs can be used well to establish a reliable model for biological diagnostic reagent of tuberculosis.Increasing the sensitizing dose and multiple sensitization can not increase the intensity of the delayed-type hypersensitivity ( DTH) response.

Objective To determine the serum level of pepsinogenⅠ,Ⅱ(PGⅠ,PGⅡ) and PGⅠ/Ⅱin the residents from Zhuanghe county,a high risk area of gastric cancer in North China,and to explore their distribution as well as related factors.Methods Serum PGⅠand PGⅡlevels were detec- ted with ELISA method in 6990 subjects.Gastric diseases were diagnosed by endoscopy and histopatho- logic examination.Serum H.pylori-IgG antibody was determined by ELISA method.Results The me- dian values for PGⅠ,PGⅡ,PGⅠ/Ⅱwere 86.9/?g/L,10.6/zg/L and 8.1 respectively.Serum PGⅠand PGⅡin male(95.2?g/L,12.1?g/L) were significantly higher than those in female(79.7?g/L, 9.4?g/L;P=0.000),PGⅠ/Ⅱratio(7.9) was significantly lower in male (8.3,P=0.000).There were significantly decrease in PGⅠ/Ⅱratio along with age increase.PGⅠ/Ⅱratio decreased signifi- cantly following with progression of gastric mucosa from normal (10.4) to non-atrophic lesions(8.8) and to atrophic lesions (6.6).Serum PGⅠand PGⅡin H. pylori positive subjects (88.7?g/L,11.4?g/L) were significantly higher than those in H.pylori negative subjects (81.4?g/L,8.4?g/L;P= 0.000),PGⅠ/Ⅱratio(7.7) was significantly lower in H.pylori positive subjects (9.6,P=0.000). For patients with atrophic lesions,the area under the PGⅠ/ⅡROC curve was 0.622.The best cut-off point for PGⅠ/Ⅱwas 6.9,with sensitivity of 53.2%,and specificity of 67.5%.Factors linked to PGⅠ/Ⅱwere identified using multinomial logistic regression:male (OR:1.151,95% CI:1.042—1.272, P=0.006),age=61(OR:1.358,95% CI:1.188—1.553,P=0.000),atrophic lesion(OR:2.075,95% CI:1.870—2.302,P=0.000),and H.pylori infection (OR:1.546,95% CI:1.368—1.748,P= 0.000).Conclusions The serum PG levels are significantly skewed from normal distrubition in the residents of Zhuanghe county,and affected by age and gender,as well as associated with gastric diseases and H.pylori in- fection.Compared with PGⅠand PGⅡalone,PGⅠ/Ⅱis more suitable for screening gastric cancer.