The research was carried out to establish HPLC fingerprints of Tibetan medicinal herb "Songdi" (Saxifraga umbellulata var. pectinata), and to provide reference for identification an quality control of it. It was performed on an Amethyst-C18-P (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column with the mobile phase of methanol-0.4% formic acid in a linear gradient mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 30 degrees C, and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The software for chromatographic fingerprint was applied to analyse the pattern analysis, the common peaks and similarity. Cluster analysis was done based on the common peaks data of 33 samples from different plant species and sources by SPSS software. Ten common chromatographic peaks were identified by fingerprint, showing a low similarity in constituent and variety. Flavonoids and saponins were the principal components. The number and area of peaks were affected by the collection sources and method. The high similarity are showed by the samples derived from the same area with high accuracy and high purity. The method is so simple, exclusive, stable and high repeatable that it can provide reference for identification and quality assessment of "Songdi" (S. umbellulata var. pectinata).
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Quality Control ; Saxifragaceae ; chemistry

In order to find the characteristics of two members of gene family of squaleneexpoxidase (SE) , a quantitative real time PCR method was developed to analyze the expression of Eleutherococcus senticosus SE1 and SE2 gene from different growth periods and in different organs. The result indicated that all the expression of SE2 more than SE1 in the whole growth period and organs of E. senticosus. And in the whole growth period, expression of SE1 showed a low-high-low characteristic. Both expression of SE2 and growth period showed the same trend. The lowest content of the expression was in the roots. SE1 expression have been improved more than SE2 when treated with MeJA. The expression of E. senticosus SE1 and saponins content had significantly positive correlation (P < 0.05) and the correlation coefficients was 0. 858, while the correlation was not significant for SE2. That indicated that SE1 played a key enzyme gene in the biosynthesis of triterpenoidsaponins
Eleutherococcus ; chemistry ; enzymology ; genetics ; growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Peroxidase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Saponins ; analysis ; metabolism ; Transcriptome

OBJECTIVETo study the drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) producing VIM-2-type metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) isolated from burn patients of our ward against carbapenem antibiotics and its homology.

METHODSA total of 400 strains of AB (identified) were isolated from sputum, urine, blood, pus, and wound drainage. of burn patients hospitalized in our ward from September 2011 to March 2014. Drug resistance of the 400 strains of AB to 15 antibiotics, including compound sulfamothoxazole, aztreonam, etc. , was tested using the automatic microorganism identifying and drug sensitivity analyzer. Among the carbapenems-resistant AB isolates, modified Hodge test was applied to screen carbapenemase-producing strains. The carbapenemase genes of the carbapenemase-producing strains, and the mobile genetic elements class I-integron (Intl1) gene and conserved sequence (CS) of carbapenemase-producing strains carrying blaVIM-2 gene were determined with PCR and DNA sequencing. For carbapenemase-producing strains carrying blaVIM-2 gene, synergism test with imipenem-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and enhancement test with imipenem-EDTA and ceftazidime-EDTA were used to verify the MBL-producing status. Drug resistance of the VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains was analyzed. For VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains, plasmid conjugation experiment was used to explore the transfer of plasmid; outer membrane protein (OMP) CarO gene was detected by PCR. For VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains carrying CarO gene, the protein content of CarO was analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electro- phoresis. The repetitive consensus sequence of Enterobacteriaceae genome PCR (ERIC-PCR) was carried out for gene typing of VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains to analyze their homology.

RESULTS(1) The resistant rates of the 400 strains of AB against levofloxacin and compound sulfamethoxazole were low. A total of 381 carbapenems-resistant AB strains were screened, including 240 carbepenemase-producing strains. (2) Out of the 240 carbepenemase-producing strains, 18 strains were found to harbor the blaVIM-2 gene, accounting for 7.5%; 133 strains carried the blaTEM-1 gene, accounting for 55.42%; 195 strains carried the blaOXA23 gene, accounting for 81.25%; 188 strains carried the bla(armA) gene, accounting for 78.33%. (3) Eighteen carbepenemase-producing strains which carried the bla(VIM-2) gene were found to carry the Intl1 gene, showing the Intl1-VIM linkage. Simultaneously, Intl1 variable area CS showed diversity. (4) Eighteen carbepenemase-producing strains which carried the blaVIM-2 gene were verified to produce MBL. The resistant rates of the 18 strains of AB against compound sulfamethoxazole were the lowest, followed by levofloxacin and cefoperazone/sulbactam, and those against the other antibiotics were above 60.00%. (5) Through multiple joint tests, plasmid conjugation experiment positive transfer strain was not found in 18 VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains. (6) Nine out of the 18 VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains were found to carry CarO gene. The OMP CarO of VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains carrying CarO gene was lost or lowered in the protein content. (7) The 18 VIM-2-type MBL-producing AB strains were classified into 6 genotypes by the ERIC-PCR. There were respectively 6, 4, 3, and 1 stain (s) in genotypes A, B, C, and F, and there were 2 strains in genotypes D and E respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe resistance mechanism of AB against carbapenems is mainly mediated by blaTEM-1, blaOXA-23, and bla(arma); meanwhile, VIM-2-type MBL-producing and lack or change in OMP CarO are attributable to carbapenems resistance of clinically isolated AB from burn wards, and the Intl1 gene may take a part in blaVIM-2 gene transmission.

Acinetobacter baumannii ; drug effects ; enzymology ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proteins ; Burns ; drug therapy ; microbiology ; Carbapenems ; pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Humans ; Imipenem ; pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Sulbactam ; pharmacology ; beta-Lactamases ; genetics

Objective To discuss the pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma.Methods The clinic data of traumatic delayed intracranial hematoma patients in this hospital were retro- spectively analyzed.According to clinic observation and CT re-examination,47 cases were diagnosed as delayed trau- matic intracranial hematoma(45 cases by operative treatment,and the other 2 by conservative treatment).Results There were 21 cases of recovery,10 cases of slight disability,8 cases of severe disability,8 cases of death.The total mortality rate was 17 %.Conclusion Brain contusion,subarachnoid hemorrhage and skull base fracture were impor- tant factors of DTICH.Fine-observation and prompt CT re-examination offered excellent results for DTICH.

Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Humans ; Periodontal Diseases ; immunology ; pathology ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; immunology ; Th1 Cells ; immunology ; Th17 Cells ; immunology ; Th2 Cells ; immunology

Multi-target drugs attract increasing attentions for the therapy of complicated neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, a computer-assisted strategy was applied to search for multi-target compounds by the pharmacophore matching. This strategy has been successfully used to design dual-target inhibitor models against both the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Based on two pharmacophore models matching and physicochemical properties filtering, one hit was identified which could inhibit AChE with IC50 value of (0.337 +/- 0.052) micromol x L(-1) and PARP-1 by 24.6% at 1 micromol x L(-1).
Acetylcholinesterase ; metabolism ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Computer-Aided Design ; Drug Discovery ; methods ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors

A novel targeting drug carrier (FA-BO-PAMAM) based on the PAMAM G5 dendrimer modified with borneol (BO) and folic acid (FA) molecules on the periphery and doxorubicin (DOX) loaded in the interior was designed and prepared to achieve the purposes of enhancing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transportation and improving the drug accumulation in the glioma cells. 1H NMR was used to confirm the synthesis of FA-BO-PAMAM; its morphology and mean size were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Based on the HBMEC and C6 cells, cytotoxicity assay, transport across the BBB, cellular uptake and anti-tumor activity in vitro were investigated to evaluate the properties of nanocarriers in vitro. The results showed that the nanocarrier of FA-BO-PAMAM was successfully synthesized, which was spherical in morphology with the average size of (22.28 ± 0.42) nm, and zeta potential of (7.6 ± 0.89) mV. Cytotoxicity and transport across the BBB assay showed that BO-modified conjugates decreased the cytotoxicity of PAMAM against both HBMEC and C6 cells and exhibited higher BBB transportation ability than BO-unmodified conjugates; moreover, modification with FA increased the total uptake of DOX by C6 cells and enhanced the cytotoxicity of DOX-polymer against C6 cells. Therefore, FA-BO-PAMAM is a promising nanodrug delivery system in employing PAMAM as a drug carrier and treatment for brain glioma.

Objective To increase the understanding in protein-losing enteropathy (PLE).Methods Sixty-one PLE patients were enrolled in the study and the clinical characteristics, complicated disease, diagnosis and treatment were analyzed. Results The age of the patients was 16-77 (40±15)years, and the gender ratio was 35:26 (female: male). The main clinical manifestations were bilateral lower limb edema in 51 cases, ascites in 41 cases, bilateral pleural effusion in 23 cases, pericardial effusion in 13cases, abdominal pain in 16 cases and diarrhea in 33 cases. The prominent abnormality in laboratory examinations was hypoalbuminemia. The underlying diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in 28 cases, intestinal lymphangiectasia in 12 cases, hepatic cirrhosis in 5 cases, heart diseases in 5 cases,Crohn's disease in 3 cases, membranous nephropathy in 2 cases, Budd-Chiari syndrome in 1 case. Four cases happened after abdominal operation and 1 case after radiation therapy of gastric cardia cancer. Thirtyseven cases were diagnosed by 99Tcm-labelled human serum albumin scintigraphy and 24 cases were diagnosed clinically. Treatment was focused on underlying diseases. The clinical manifestations in 21 cases of SLE improved after SLE was controlled. In 2 cases of intestinal lymphangiectasia and one with Crohn's disease, the clinical manifestations improved after surgery. The other patients had no improvement.Conclusions PLE was not uncommon in clinical practice. Its predominant characteristics were severe hypoalbuminemia, edema and dropsy of serous cavity. PLE can complicate other diseases such as SLE,intestinal lymphangiectasia. Treatment should be focused on primary disease.

The genus Xestospongia is one of the most widespread genera of sponges, containing abundant secondary metatolites with novel structures and potent bioactivities. The main structure types of secondary metatolites found in this genus are alkaloids, quinines, terpens, steroids, lipids, polyketones, etc. These metatolites exhibit a variety of bioactivities, such as cytotoxic, antibacterial and antiviral activities. This paper reviews the progress in the chemistry and pharmacological activities of the second metabolities from sponges of Xestospongia, especially for recent five years, with the aim for further research.
Animals ; Secondary Metabolism ; Xestospongia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEIntends to create mathematical model and analysis of correlation between Chinese medicinal characteristics and immunoregulatory activity based on literature informatics.

METHODThe numbers of the Chinese medicines with immune effects were worked out within the framework of "The China Pharmacopeia" of 2005 edition, from the literature publicized since 1980. The correlation and mathematical model were figured out between Chinese medicinal characteristics including biological classification, different tastes, channel tropism as well as the parts used and immunoregulatory activity based on the statistical software SPSS.

RESULTThe results showed that the immunoregulatory activity was related to the five tastes of Chinese medicines, and the pungent medicines had less immune effect. The Chinese medicines of underground parts had more immune effect compared with other parts of the medicine. Medicines acting upon heart and kidneys were more powerful as for the immune effects (P <0.05). The coincidence was 74.7% between mathematical computing and original classification.

CONCLUSIONThere are correlations,between Chinese medicinal characteristics and immunoregulatory activity. The mathematical model based on these results can be used for immunopharmacology.

Adjuvants, Immunologic ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Databases, Factual ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Models, Theoretical ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification