Objective:To explore a scientific,complicated sampling method and corresponding formulas for sensitive question survey.Methods:Cochran W.G.'s classic sampling theories,two randomized response technique(RRT) models,total probability formulas,and properties of mean and variance were used in this study.Results:Formulas for the estimation of the population proportion and its variance for dichotomous sensitive questions on Greenberg model in cluster sampling and stratified cluster sampling were deduced.Formulas for the estimation of the population mean and its variance for quantitative sensitive question on the additive constant model in cluster sampling and stratified cluster sampling were deduced.Our survey methods and formulas were successfully applied in surveying the pre-marriage sex and cheating in examination in Soochow University.Conclusion:Our survey methods and formulas on two RRT models for sensitive question survey in cluster sampling and stratified cluster sampling have high reliablility.

Objective To analyze MRI and MRCP appearances of duodenal papilla adenocarcinoma with low biliary obstruction,in order to improve the diagnosis of this lesion.Methods The clinical data of 29 patients with duodenal papilla adenocarcinoma con-firmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed.All cases were scanned by un-enhanced MR and MRCP,and the lesion shape,sig-nal characteristics and biliary obstruction of the lesion were analyzed.Results A soft tissue mass or nodule in the duodenal papilla region was showed in 29 cases.On non-enhanced T1 WI,1 9 lesions demonstrated slightly hypointense ,10 lesions were isointensity. On T2 WI,21 lesions were slightly hyperintense,8 lesions were isointensity.On DWI(b=800 s/mm2 ),the lesions were hyperintense or slightly hyperintense.On MRCP,the narrow at the distant end of the common bile duct was showed;20 lesions showed the expan-sion of intra-hepatic bile duct and common bile duct,and showed “soft rattan sign”,7 lesions showed the expansion of the bile duct inside and outside the liver and the pancreatic duct,and “double duct sign”could be seen.2 cases showed the expansion of the com-mon bile duct.Conclusion The combination of non-enhanced MR and MRCP can show duodenal papilla adenocarcinoma with low biliary obstruction .Definite MRI diagnosis of duodenal papilla adenocarcinoma is important for treatment.

Objective:To study the psychosocial effect of fluorosis on students with dental fluorosis.Methods:115 students with different types of fluorosis were sampled randomly from fluorosis epidemic area of Xingtai city in Hebei province, including 60 of 12-year-old and 55 of 15-year-old students. Dental fluorosis was classified by Dean's Index (DI). Parents and teachers of the selected students were involved in a psychosocial questionnaire investigation which included five five-point questions, respectively.Results:Prevalence of fluorosis was 89.6% in the young students in the area. Evaluation scores by parents, which included “health of teeth”, “satisfaction of teeth” and “perceived well-being”, decreased with the decline of DI. Statistical difference was found in the answer to the five questions by parents when comparing the evaluation scores of control(without dental fluorosis) group,moderate dental fluorosis group and severe dental fluorosis group(P0.05). Difference of the evaluation scores of parents and teachers on boys and girls was not significant.Conclusion:Fluorosis has psychosocial impact on students, especially evaluated by parents.

Objective:To describe the secular trends of premarital medical examination ( PME ) in China during 1996 and 2013 and to assess the impacts of national health policies on the PME rate. Methods:The information on marriage and PME for districts and counties in 31 provinces of China was annually collected by the Office for National Maternal & Child Health Statistics of China, and the infor-mation on the health policies was from official governmental websites. According to the main health poli-cies, the calendar years were categorized into 3 periods:1996 to 2003 was mandatory PME period;2004 to 2008 was encouraged voluntary PME period; and 2009 to 2013 was free-paid voluntary PME period. Results: During the 18-year period, 284 242 719 people were registered for a marriage in which 107 198 795 were examined, giving the PME rate of 37. 7%. During the mandatory PME period, the rate ranged 52 . 7% -67 . 7% with an average of 60 . 9% ( urban 71 . 5%, and rural 51 . 7%) . In 2004 , the first year when the PME became voluntary, the rate was abruptly dropped to 2. 6%, and thereafter gradually increased to 11 . 5% in 2008 . As the policies of the free-paid voluntary PME were subsequently issued, the rate was quickly increased to 52. 3% (urban 49. 8%, and rural 54. 6%) in 2013. The in-creasing trend was consistently observed both in urban and rural areas, and across East, Middle, West, and Northeast economical regions. However, the rates differed greatly among provinces. In 2013, 5 pro-vinces had rates of >90% ( Guangxi 97 . 5%, Fujian 96 . 0%, Ningxia 95 . 4%, Zhejiang 93 . 4% and Anhui 90. 1%), whereas some provinces were stuck at a low rate, including developed and underdeve-loped provinces/cities. The PME rate in 2013 was 27. 4% for Shanghai, 25. 5% for Guangdong, 12. 4%for Chongqing, 5. 8% for Beijing and 4. 6% for Tianjin. Underdeveloped provinces were Guizhou (6. 4%) and Qinghai (1. 8%). Conclusion:As various national policies to promote voluntary PME were issued, the PME rate was significantly increased after a sharp decline, though it varied greatly by provinces. For provinces with high PME rate, PME-related health benefits need to be evaluated;for provinces with low rate, it is of important practical significance to explore a cost-effective health service model that is likely incorporated with pre-pregnancy examination.

Objective To investigate the effects of a single exposure or multiple exposures with equivalent total duration of exposure to sevoflurane on the histological morphology and neurons ultrastructure changes in neonatal rats hippocampus CA1.Methods A total of 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats on postnatal day 7,weighing 14-18 g,were randomly divided into three groups (n=15 each): Control group (group C),single exposure to sevoflurane group (group SS),multiple exposures to sevoflurane group (group TS).In group SS,the rats inhaled 3% sevoflurane for 6 h on postnatal day 7.In group TS,the rats inhaled 3% sevoflurane for 2 h on postnatal day 7,8 and 9.In group C,the rats inhaled 60% oxygen on the corresponding day age.Rats were sacrificed and brain were seperated on postnatal day 14.CA1 pyramidal neurons pathological morphology and quantity changes were observed by Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Nissl staining.In the meantime,transmission electron microscopy was used for observing neurons ultrastructure and measuring the thickness of the postsynaptic density and the length of the postsynaptic active area.Results Nissl staining and HE indicated that multiple exposures and a single 6 h exposure to sevoflurane resulted in severer neurons loss and sparse arrangement relative to group C (P<0.05),Multiple exposures to sevoflurane resulted in greater neurons loss compared with a single 6-h exposure (P<0.05).Transmission electron microscope indicated that damage of CA1 neuronal subcellular organelle induced by multiple exposures and a single 6 h exposure was severer compared with group C.Both multiple exposures and a single exposure lead to decreased thickness of the postsynaptic density and shorter length of the postsynaptic active area (P<0.05).Multiple exposures to sevoflurane caused greater damaged than a single exposure (P<0.05).Conclusion Both a single and multiple exposure to sevoflurane induced CA1 neurons loss and ultrastructure changes in neonatal rats.Compared with a single exposure,multiple exposures to sevoflurane resulted in greater neurons morphology injury.

Objective To evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) value of mono-exponential diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) and the true diffusion coefficient(D) value, related diffusion coefficient(D*) value, perfusion fraction (f) value of bi-exponential model DWI in reflecting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).Methods Using immunohistochemical staining method to detect VEGF expression in the 28 cases of gastric carcinoma tissue section and the surrounding normal gastric tissue.The differences of ADC value, D value, D* value, f value in different VEGF expression grading and gastric carcinoma classification were analyzed respectively.Results The differences of ADC value, D value, f value between different VEGF grading were statically significant,as the higher VEGF grading accompanied wth the lower ADC values, D value and the higher of f value;and the differences of the parameters between high and low differentiated gastric carcinoma were also statically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion The ADC value of mono-exponential DWI and the D value,f value of bi-exponential model DWI could evaluate the expression of VEGF and reflect the gastric carcinoma angiogenesis.

OBJECTIVETo observe the prevention and therapeutic effects of tanshitone (TAN) on retinoic acid induced osteoporosis in mice.

METHODThe mice osteoporosis was induced by given retinoic acid intragastrically for two weeks. The histomorphological features of bone were observed and biochemical indexes in serum (Ca, P, ALP, TRAP, E2, BGP) were determined after the mice were given TAN at the dose of 40, 80, 160 mg x kg(-1) respectly.

RESULTTanshinone can induce high conversion of osteoporosis. The levels of P, ALP, TRAP and BGP in the TAN groups were lower than the model group, while the E2 level was higher than the model group.

CONCLUSIONTanshitone can prevent the loss bone in the experimental mice. The mechanism may be that it improves the level of estrogenic hormone and inhibits the high bone turnover.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; blood ; Animals ; Bone Density ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Osteoporosis ; blood ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; prevention & control ; Phenanthrenes ; administration & dosage ; Tretinoin ; adverse effects

Objective To evaluate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and cisplatin (DDP) on inhibition of A549/DDP cells in vitro and to explore the impacts of HBO on cell cycle and apoptosis.Methods The cytotoxicity of HBO and DDP was determined by Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTF) assay; flow cytometry (FCM) was used to investigate the impacts on cell cycle and apoptosis of cell line A549/DDP.Results Hyperbaric oxygen alone significantly suppressed A549/DDP cells proliferation (P ＜ 0.05),compared with control group of normal oxygen,and the inhibition ratio was 2.90％.DDP at concentrations ranging from 3 μg/ml to 24 μg/ml significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549/DDP cells in a dose dependent manner,that was concentrations of 3,6,12 and 24 μg/ml brought inhibition ratio of 1.87％,4.62％,11.15％ and 30.45％ ; Hyperbaric oxygen can enhance the inhibition effect of DDP to A549/DDP cells,when hyperbaric oxygen affiliated with DDP of concentrations above,the inhibition ratios were 4.37％,8.92％,21.88％ and 48.71％,respectively,which has significant difference with the single DDP groups.FCM analyses showed that HBO arrested A549/DDP cells at the S phase,that was cell number of G0/G1 phase reduced significantly and of S phase raised significantly,compared with normal oxygen group(P ＜0.01),that was the percentages of cells in S phase of control group were 9.5％ and HBO group were 20.9％,while the percentages of cells in G0/G1phasc were 82.2％ and 66.3％,respectively.In addition,there were more apoptotic cells in the HBO group with the percentage of 7.9％,while the percentage was 2.8％ in the normal oxygen group.Conclusion Hyperbaric oxygen could play together with DDP to inhibit A549/DDP cells proliferation.HBO could block the cell cycle at S period and induce apoptosis.

Objective To investigate the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and its relationship with prognosis of severe chronic hepatitis B ( CHB ). Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 112 severe CHB patients, 30 CHB patients and 30 healthy controls. IL-4, IFN-γ levels and HBV DNA loads were measured by ELISA and fluorescent PCR, respectively. The levels of cytokines in different stages, and their correlations with HBV DNA loads and short-term prognosis were analyzed. Results Higher levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and Th1/Th2 ratios in peripheral blood were detected in patients with severe CHB than those with CHB and the healthy controls (Z = 8.968, 10. 004 and 26. 067, P =0. 009, 0. 007 and 0. 000). IL4 levels in patients with end-stage server CHB were markedly higher than those in other stages ( Z = 3. 672 and 3. 158, P= 0.000 and 0.002), while their Thl/Th2 ratios were lower (Z=3. 161 and 2. 166, P=0.002 and 0. 030). No significant differences on levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and Th1/Th2 ratios were observed in severe CHB patients with different HBV DNA levels (Z =4.431, 2.626 and 0. 140, P =0.219, 0.403 and 0. 987). Elevated IL-4 was closely correlated with the high case-fatality rate within 12 weeks. Conclusions The balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines is- disturbed in patients with severe CHB. Thl/Th2 ratio decreases with the aggravation of diseases, which may indicate unfavorable short-term prognosis.

Objective To apply the model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)and the ChildTurcotte-Pugh(CTP)in predicting short-term prognosis of patients with severe chronic hepatitis B,and to evaluate their clinical value.Methods Data of 115 patients with severe chronic hepatitis B were retrospectively analyzed and all patients were divided into survival gnmp and fatal group by survival status at 3rd month of the treatment.The scores of MELD and CTP were obtained.The accuracies of MELD and CTP were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.The difference between two systems was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve.Results MELD and CTP scores in fatal group were significantly higher than those in the survival group(t=4.891 and 3.949,P＜0.05),and two systems were significantly correlated(γ=0.500,P=0.000).MELD and CTP scores were good for predicting the fatality rate of patients with severe chronic hepatitis B within 3 months(C-statistic:0.765 and 0.834,respectively),and there was no significant difference between the two systems(Z=1.516,P＞0.05).Patients with CTP＜10.5 or MELD＜27.5 had longer survival time(Z:17.88 and 25.28,P=0.000)and higher survival rates(χ2=16.88 and 31.59.P=0.000)than those with CTP＞10.5 or MELD＞27.5.Conclusion MELD and CTP scores have similar predictive valHe for short-term prognosis of patients with severe chronic hepatitis B.and clinical data should be contained to better predict the short-term prognosis.