Generally speaking,embryonic stem cells,embryonic germ cells and embryonal carcinoma cells are pluripotent stem cells and they have the potential to differentiate into germ cells.Spermatogonial stem cells is unique adult germline stem cells and can differentiate into sperm.Recent research with stem cells from both embryonic and adult origin will be discussed with particular attention to results that challenge conventional wisdom about the presence of germline stem cells in adults and the plasticity of adult stem cell types.This review focuses on the progress in the research of germline stem cells and introduces the origin and plasticity of adult germline stem cells and its future directions in medical science.

Objective To investigate the change of plasma L-threonine (L-Thr) ,D-threonine (D-Thr) ,L-alanine (L-Ala) and D-alanine (D-Ala) in the patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) .Methods The o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) column with pre-column derivatization was adopted to perform the separation .The mobile phase was 20 mmol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution and acetonitrile with a programmed gradient elution and the flow rate of 1 .0 mL/min .The excitation wavelength was set at 350 nm and the emission wavelength was set at 450 nm .Results The threonine and alanine enantiomers could be simultaneously determined by this method .The regression equation showed the good linear correlation The limits of detection (LOD) for L-Thr ,D-Thr ,L-Ala and D-Ala were 11 .4 pg/mL ,9 .77 pg/mL ,4 .11 pg/mL and 3 .50 pg/mL respectively .The recovery rate was 90 .22% -105 .7% .With-in-day and between-day RSD was 1 .04% -4 .11% .Conclusion The threonine and alanine enantiomers could be simultaneously de-termined by this method .The regression equation showed the good linear correlation The limits of detection (LOD) for L-Thr ,D-Thr ,L-Ala and D-Ala were 11 .4 pg/mL ,9 .77 pg/mL ,4 .11 pg/mL and 3 .50 pg/mL respectively .The recovery rate was 90 .22%-105 .7% .Within-day and between-day RSD was 1 .04% -4 .11% .

Objective To study the clinical significance of reticulocyte parameters change before and after chemotheraphy in acute leukemia.Methods Thirty-two chemotherapeutic patients suffered from acute leukemia were improved after chemotherapy.The percentage of reticulocyte(RET%),reticulocyte absolute value(RET#),low fluorescent reticulocyte percentage(LFR),middle fluorescent reticulocyte percentage(MRF),high fluorescent reticulocyte percentage(HFR),white blood cells(WBC) and absolute neutrophils count (ANC) and immature reticulocyte fraction(IRF) were detected by using the Sysmex 2000 automatic blood cell analyzer.Results IRF,MFR and HFR after chemotherapy in the patients with leukemia were always declined,reached the lowest on 7 d of chemotherapy,began to recover on 14 d after chemotherapy,and recovered to the level before chemotherapy on 21 d of chemotherapy.LFR began to increase on 7 d of chemotherapy,and began to decrease on 14 d of chemotherapy.WBC and RET# were always decreased on 7,14 d of chemotherapy,and began to recover on 21 d of chemotherapy.Conclusion IRF,MFR,HFR and LFR are the sensitive indicators reflecting the bone marrow recovery and are earlier than WBC and RET# by 7 d.

The Kingdom of Sweden is the biggest country on the Scandinavian Peninsula.It has developed an exlent welfare system called 'cradle-to-grave'.As the key of its welfare system,health care system is of an unique one that provides people with leading quality and lower cost care in Sweden.

Objective To investigate arthroscopic characteristics and minimally invasive treatment of meniscal injuries in osteoarthritic knees. Methods Sixty-eight cases of meniscal injuries in osteoarthritic knees were divided into four types according to arthroscopic characteristics of meniscal tears and involvement degree of the synovium and the cartilage: Type Ⅰ: limited meniscal injuries; Type Ⅱ: Limited injuries combined with abrasive injuries; Type Ⅲ: injuries of the most part of the meniscus, loose meniscus; Type Ⅳ: abraded meniscus combined with partial or mostly partial absence. Corresponding arthroscopic procedures were performed. Results Among the 68 cases, there were 10 cases of the Type Ⅰ injuries, 20 cases of the Type Ⅱ, 27 cases of the Type Ⅲ, and 11 cases of the Type Ⅳ, respectively. For the Type Ⅰ injuries, arthroscopic meniscal suture was performed in 4 cases and partial arthroscopic meniscectomy was performed in 6 cases. For the Type Ⅱ injuries, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy was performed in 18 cases and subtotal meniscectomy was performed in 2 cases. For Type Ⅲ injuries, arthroscopic lavage and debridement was performed in 1 case, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in 5 cases, subtotal meniscectomy in 16 cases, and total meniscectomy in 5. For Type Ⅳ injuries, arthroscopic subtotal meniscectomy was performed in 2 cases and total meniscectomy in 9 cases. A follow-up was carried out for 6~52 months (mean, 22 months). There were 7 cases of pain after vigorous activities (Type Ⅱ: 1 case; Type Ⅲ: 2 cases; Type Ⅳ: 4 cases), 1 case of locking knee (Type Ⅲ), and 2 cases of limitation of knee flexion (Type Ⅲ and Ⅳ: 1 case each). Total knee replacement was conducted 2~3 years after the procedure in 3 cases (Type Ⅲ: 2 cases; Type Ⅳ: 1 case). Of the remaining 65 cases, the Lysholm scores were elevated from 50?12 preoperatively to 85?8 postoperatively (t=3.521, P

Objective To study the short-term efficacy of arthroscopic debridement,lateral patellar decompression,and rehabilitation thearpy for osteoarthritis of the knee joint,and to discuss the long-term outcomes of the treatments.Methods A total of 85 cases of osteoarthritis that were diagnosed according to the clinical diagnostic criteria of ACR were enrolled in this study.The patients were randomly divided into groups A(39 cases) and B(46 cases) to underwent arthroscopic debridement and arthroscopic debridement combined with lateral patellar decompression respectivley.All the operations were performed by a same surgeon.Postoperative rehabilitation thearpies were carried out by one group of therapist.The Lysholm,HSS,and PPI scores were evaluated before the operation,as well as patellar tilt test and patellar gliding test.The examinations were repeated in 3 and 6 months respectivley after the surgery.Results In group A,the scores of Lysholm,HSS,and PPI determined at month 3 were significantly higher than those before the operation,but not changed markedly at month 6.Whereas,in group B,the scores kept being increased after the surgery.At month 3,the scores in group A were higher than those in group B,however,at month 6,the Lysholm score in group B was higher than that in group A.Conclusions Arthroscopic debridement and postoperative rehabilitation are effective for imroving the symtoms and knee function in patients with osteoarthritis and limited ROM of the patella.Combining with lateral patellar decompression,the treatments can achieve better outcomes in 6 months.

[Objective]To investigate the relationship between degeneration of cartilage and the expressions of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7(MMP-7),Matrix Metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9),Matrix Metalloproteinase 13(MMP-13)and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase 1(TIMP-1)in osteoarthritis.[Method]The histological changes of cartilages by hematoxyllin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7(MMP-7),Matrix Metalloproteinase 9(MMP-9),Matrix Metalloproteinase 13(MMP-13)and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase 1(TIMP-1)in osteoarthritis.were studied in 20 osteoarthritis cases and 2 normal controls.All data were statistically analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test and correlation analysis.[Result]The osteoarthritis cartilage underwent fibroplasias and tearing.The quantity of chondrocyte increased and the clustered and hypertrophic cells came into being.Little immunostaining of MMP-7 and MMP-13 was observed in normal cartilage,while their expressions increased in degenerated cartilage(P0.05),superficial layer of the moderate and end-stage osteoarthritis.However,it significantly increased in deep layer(P

Paired box2 ( PAX2 ) is a transciption factor which mainly expressed in the developing kid-ney. Researches indicate that PAX2 promote the transcription through interactions with the adaptor PAX transac-tivation domain interacting protein(PTIP). Otherwise,PAX2 protein can lead to chromatin compaction and gene silencing through interactions with Grg4. PAX2 reexpressed in acute kidney injury and involved in promoting cell proliferation. Congenital PAX2 gene mutation is closely related to congenital abnormalies of the kidney and uri-nary tract. In chronic kidney disease,PAX2 promote proliferation and cyst formation. Here,the recent researches on the function of PAX2 and its role in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease are reviewed.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR) refers to the ischemic tissues or organs to regain perfusion on tissue and organ damage.The reactive oxygen species(ROS)generated by the mitochondrial and the change of the mitochondrial permeability can be induced mitophagy.And dysfunction of the mitophagy is closely related to the body a variety of disease.This article aims to introduce the research of progress about mitophagy in recent years,especially the role it play in the ischemia-reperfusion injury.

AIM:To evaluate the influence of scutellarin on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) in high glucose-treated human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 and to observe the effects of scutellarin on the protein expression of VEGF, p-ERK and VEGFR2 in the retinas of type II diabetic rats.METHODS: Cultured ARPE-19 cells were divided into normal control group, scutellarin group, high glucose group and high glucose+scutellarin group.The protein levels of VEGF, p-ERK and VEGFR2 were measured by Western blot.The VEGF release in ARPE-19 cells was detected by ELISA.Normal rats were randomly divided into normal control group and scutellarin group.Diabetic rat model was established by feeding with high-fat diet and injecting with streptozocin, and randomly divided into diabetes group and diabetes treated with scutellarin group.After 16 weeks, the eyes were removed.The morphological changes of the retinas were observed under light microscope with HE staining, and histopathological score was recorded.The expres-sion of VEGF in the retinas was observed by the method of immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:Compared with normal con-trol group, the protein levels of VEGF, p-ERK and VEGFR2 in the ARPE-19 cells decreased in scutellarin group, but in-creased in high glucose group.The histopathological score of the retinas showed significant difference among diabetes group, diabetes treated with scutellarin group and normal control group, and no significant difference between normal con-trol group and scutellarin group was observed.The expression of VEGF increased in diabetic group and was significantly higher than that in scutellarin treatment group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Scutellarin inhibits the increased protein le-vels of VEGF, p-ERK and VEGFR2 in ARPE-19 cells, and decreases the expression of VEGF in the retinas of diabetic rats.The suppression of the diabetic retinopathy development by scutellarin may be partly involved in the ERK/MAPK pathway.