Programmed death-1(PD-1)is a major co-suppression receptor expressed on T cells.Binding with its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2),PD-1 can inhibit T cell proliferation,activation and cytokine secretion.In normal organs,PD-1 /PD-Ls signaling pathway plays an important role in maintaining immune tolerance,while during tumorigenesis,it can suppress T cell immune response and promote tumor immune escape.This article reviewed the research progress on PD-1 /PD-Ls signaling pathway,comprised of structure and expression of PD-1 /PD-Ls, mechanism of the signaling pathway,as well as the expression characteristics of soluble form of PD-1 /PD-L1 (sPD-1 /sPD-L1),and summarized the categories of anti-PD-1 /PD-Ls antibodies and their clinical trials in canc-er immunotherapy.

AIM: To establish a quality control method of analysing Lajiao Fengshi Plaster qualitatively and quantitatively. METHODS: Capsaicin was identificated by TLC and menthol,borneol were determinated by GC Lajiao Fengshi Plaster,silica gel as plate,ligarine(60～90?C)-acetoacetate(3(∶)2) as mobile phase,0.5% solution of dichloroquinonechlorimide R in methanol R.as chromogenic agent to identificate capsaicin.The internal standard of GC,naphthalene was employed.10% PEG-20M as the stationary phase,column temperature at 150(?C,) and FID as the detector to determine methol and borneol. RESULTS: There were the same spot corresponding in colour and position sample and reference capsaicin,but negative control had not such colour spot in the same plate of TLC.Menthol,borneol and naphthalene had been separated well under the chromatographic condition.The average recovery of menthol,borneol were 97.44%(RSD=0.93%),98.09%(RSD=1.26%),respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is sensitive,accurate and reproducible and can be used to control the quality of Lajiao Fengshi Plaster.

Objective To analyze the curative effect of adult urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias repair with X-V dartos flap technique.Methods In the experimental group,the closed fistulas were wrapped with X-V dartos flap in the 22 cases of adult hypospedias fistulas from February 2007 to October 2010.In the control group,the routine fistulas repairs were preformed in the 35 cases of adult hypospadias fistulas from January 2000 to January 2007.The operative effects were compared between the two groups.Results All cases were followed up for 3-49(5.6±12.0)months,no fistula was found in the experimental group,while 7 fistulas(20.0%,7/35)were found in the control group.The fistulas rate had statistic difference between the two groupe(P<0.05).Conclusion The use of the X-V dartos flap technique can prevent adult urethroeutaneous fistula after failed hypospadias fistulas repair and raise the success rate.

AIM: To develop a method to detemine pinostrobin in Weitengning Talets (Lindera reflexae Hemsl.) by HPLC. METHODS:A C_(18) column was used,methyl alcohol-water(80∶20) was used as a mobile phase and the wavelength of UV detector was set at 290 nm. RESULTS:The linearity of this method was good with the average recovery of 97.9%,RSD was 0.74%(n=5). CONCLUSION:The methed is simple,reliable,sensitivity,and with good reproducibility.It can be used in quality control of Weitengning Tablets.

Objective To design a wireless monitoring system which can obtain patients' multi-parameters (such as ECG, respiratory, blood pressure, SPO2, and heart rate). Methods The wireless communication system, based on CDMA, receives data through internet and analyses ECG by dealing and measuring signals. Results A wireless monitoring system is designed, which can analyse ECG, blood pressure, and respiratory. Doctors can give diagnostic suggestion based on the monitoring system's analyses and send it to patients by short messages. Conclusion This system can realize long -distance medical monitoring and report the diagnosis to patients timely.

Objective To develop a portable sleep monitoring system with low burden. Methods Information from signals related with sleep were used and dug. Electrodes from patients' body were reduced to decrease patient's physiological and psychological burden. Results Polysomnography(PSG) is the gold standard in detecting the Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome disease at present. While this method has its problems, such as complicated operation, large expenditure and big physiology and psychology burden for the patient. A sleep monitor system was introduced which has the advantages of convenience, practicality, small physiology and psychology burden for the patient. Conclusion The result indicates that this device is warmly welcomed by doctors and patients, and it is a new device for the diagnosis of the SAHS disease.

Objective To discuss clinical,electroencephalogram(EEG) and PRRT2 gene mutation by reporting a febrile seizure (FS) with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) family.Methods Detailed clinical data of the family were collected.The proband (Ⅳ1) and another 4 patients (Ⅲ1,Ⅲ4,Ⅳ2,Ⅳ3)were studied through clinical examinations.Clinical symptoms of Ⅳ2 were not typical,who was diagnosed as a suspected case.Mutation analysis of PRRT2 gene was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA direct sequencing in 5 patients (Ⅳ1,Ⅲ1,Ⅲ4,Ⅳ2,Ⅳ3) and 4 unaffected family members (Ⅱ2,Ⅲ2,Ⅲ5,Ⅳ4).Results PKD patients had brief involuntary movements in the limbs or trunk induced by sudden voluntary movement when patients were in the stationary state since the teenagers.Two cases (Ⅲ,Ⅲ4) were accompanied by FS.Three cases(Ⅳ1,Ⅲ1 and Ⅲ4)had abnormal EEG records.The PRRT2 gene mutation (c.649dupC mutation) was identified in a healthy member (Ⅳ4) and 4 patients (Ⅳ1,Ⅲ1,Ⅲ4,Ⅳ3).Conclusions FS with PKD family has a PRRT2 gene mutation.The diagnosis is mainly based on family history,typical clinical manifestations and genetic test.This kind of disease may have pre-symptomatic patients.

Nerve dysfunction is a common postoperative complication of dental extractions. In dental extraction, the nerves involved mainly include the inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve, chin nerve and nasopalatine nerve. Nerve dysfunction will seriously affect the patient′s quality of life and may lead to medical disputes. This review firstly summarizes the clinical manifestations and pathological mechanisms of post-dental extraction nerve dysfunction, then summarizes its clinical risk factors and preventive strategies, then analyzes the clinical characteristics and physiological mechanisms of natural sensory recovery after dental extraction nerve dysfunction, and finally summarizes the cutting-edge therapeutic tools and research directions in the treatment of post-dental extraction nerve dysfunction in recent years. The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the cutting-edge advances in post-dental extraction nerve dysfunction from clinical to molecular mechanisms, and from pathogenesis to prevention and treatment strategies, and seeks to provide reference for oral surgeons in preventing and responding to the treatment of nerve dysfunction after dental extraction.

Postoperative infection is one of the most common complications of tooth extraction.It may manifest as lo-calized infection or develop to systemic infection.Clinically,oral surgeons can prevent postoperative infections by urg-ing patients to strengthen oral hygiene,applying antibiotics in a rational and compliant manner,and choosing appropriate surgical methods for tooth extraction.For the treatment of infection,the oral surgeon should formulate a response strate-gy on the basis of different diagnoses.For local infections such as dry socket,delayed alveolar osteitis,gap infection,and marginal osteomyelitis of the jaws,the infection can be controlled by local debridement,therapeutic use of antibiotics,and incise and drain if necessary.For patients suspected of necrotizing fasciitis,timely extensive debridement should be made to reduce the area of tissue necrosis.For those who have received radiotherapy or anti-resorptive drugs,tooth extraction should follow the recommenda-tions of the relevant clinical guidelines or expert consen-sus to minimize the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws.For patients with poor systemic health or dysfunction of the immune system,attention should be paid to identifying infective endocarditis and intracranial infection to ensure the life safety of patients.In this study,the author intends to combine lit-erature review and clinical experience to tackle postextraction infection and its prevention to provide a reference for col-leagues on oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody, is used for the prevention of malignant tumor-related bone events and the treatment of osteoporosis with high fracture risk. Since its approval in China in 2019, denosumab-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (DRONJ) has attracted increasing attention. DRONJ, similar to bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, often occurs after tooth extraction and manifests as exposed bone necrosis, purulent discharge, facial swelling and pain, severely impacting patients′ quality of life. However, the perioperative management strategies for DRONJ differ from those for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. This article summarizes the perioperative management strategies for high-risk DRONJ patients from aspects such as oral hygiene care, antibiotic use, drug discontinuation during the perioperative period, and surgical strategy selection, aiming to provide guidance for oral surgeons in managing tooth extraction in denosumab-treated patients.