Mitochondrial disease is a set of multi-systematic and heterogeneous disease which invades in the central nervous system and muscles tissue adequately,mainly refers to the genetic defects that causes mitochondrial structure and function defect.Mitochondrial disease occupies an important position in the human genetics.At present,the research of mitochondrial disease and the related genetic mutation has become the focus in the genetics.This review is to discuss the mitochondrial disease epidemiology,molecular biology and genetics,clinical manifestations and diagnosis.

As understanding the biology of multiple myeloma (MM) and application of new drugs, regimens containing new drugs deepened therapeutic response and prolonged the survival of MM patients. This article updates the therapeutic response of regimens reported in the 57th American Society of Hematology annual meeting, containing immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors and other new drugs including monoclonal antibodies and the others. In the same time, minimal residual disease (MRD) is also used to evaluate the remission depth of MM. In order to achieve durable long-term remission and higher quality of life, new drug combination regimens have been recommended, especially for the relapsed or the high risk MM patients.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a unique cancer paradigm for investigating the mechanisms involved in the transformation from a premalignant condition (unknown monoclonal gamma globulin,MGUS) into a malignant disease (MM).In its pathogenesis,genotype characteristics of tumor clones which are highly complex and heterogeneous,as well as the dialogue between plasma cells and their microenvironment are equally important and both play a key role in the outcome of the disease.MM will soon no longer be considered as a single disease.A large number of new drug emergence and applications will increase the need for monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) in prognosis and treatment of MM.New drugs and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation applications have been significantly improving the prognosis of MM in the past 20 years.Re-examining the early MM diagnostic criteria and the possibility of early intervention will open up a new therapeutic approach.It is important to find a balance of efficacy,toxicity and cost in order to achieve a cure for this disease.

Objective To explore the real experience of patients with aortic dissection (AD) disease during the early phase of the disease. Methods Interpretation phenomenological analysis method was used in the study. Self- structured in- depth interviews were conducted with AD patients who were admitted to the hospital from November 2013 to February 2014, and combining the participation observation method to collect relevant data. Data were analyzed by content analysis. Results 16 cases were interviewed and four advanced themes were extracted: experience of disease symptoms; negative emotion; coping styles; the insight of life. Conclusions AD patients can produce complex psychological experiences when they are informed of the diagnosis because of the experience of pain, sudden critical illness, the role change and so on. Medical staff should pay attention to their psychological status and needs, take corresponding effective measures to promote the further treatment and their physical and psychological rehabilitation.

The defense for paternalism is based on that family members' decisions are usually beneficial for patients' best interests.However,this premise remains to be demonstrated.The moral theory of maintaining family members' interests challenged the ethical principle of respecting patients' autonomy,which believed that treatment decisions should be discussed by the whole family members.However,the principle of autonomy does not always dissever the relationship between individual and family members.It resorted East Asia family autonomy of Chinese traditional culture and emphasized on the value of objective goodness and family dependence.However,patients often do not play a proper role in families' decision-making.Besides,the Confucian bioethics also needs to provide more sufficient argumentation to deal with the relationship between subjective goodness and objective goodness.The unconditional acquiescence of family members' domination in decision-making is worthy reflecting in the current medical environment.

The ambiguous diagnosis,the public's insufficient understanding of AMR and improper use of antibiotics in agriculture are the main reasons for accelerating antibiotic resistamce(AMR).At present,the main coping strategies are limited to technical means while lacking ethical consideration.The related ethical issues are,mainly,tensions of personal health interests and public health interests,the conflicts between agricultural development and human health benefits,the distributive justice,inter-generational justice.Understandings and addressing these issues rely on value judgments based on the moral theories.And then it will form an effective and reasonable antibiotic management solution which will help to deal with AMR fundamentally.

Clinical data of 150 patients with mild and 38 patients with severe confirmed influenza A/H1N1 were collected and retrospectively analyzed in this paper with descriptive epidemiology. Mild patients mainly presented with symptoms similar to seasonal influenza with few complications, however,persistent high fever, cough with bloody sputum expectoration, chest distress and short of breath manifested in severe patients with respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in some cases. Proportion of obesity and underlying diseases in severe patients, who were at high risk for severe influenza A/H1N1, was higher than that in mild ones (P＜0. 05). Average course of the illness spanned five to 11 days in patient with mild influenza A/H1N1 with all cured, and 34 of severe cases discharged with better recovery and other four died with a case-fatality of 10. 5 percent.

Two hundred and eleven aged patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study.Blood glucose levels were monitored with continuing glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for 3 days and the cognitive function was evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) scale.The correlation between hypoglycemia(or nocturnal hypoglycemia) and MMSE scores was evaluated.CGMS recorded hypoglycemia in 47％ patients (100/211),82％ of whom (82/100) had nocturnal hypoglycemia.Patients with hypoglycemia had lower MMSE scores than those without hypoglycemia (25.1 ± 5.1 vs.26.8 ± 3.0,P ＜ 0.05).Furthermore,the incidence of hypoglycemia(or nocturnal hypoglycemia) was higher in patients with MMSE≤24 than that in patients with MMSE ＞ 24(P ＜0.05).The median of hypoglycemia maximal time and nocturnal hypoglycemia maximal time were longer in patients with MMSE ≤ 24 than those with MMSE ＞ 24 (P ＜ 0.05).Stepwise regression analysis showed that the total time and maximal time of hypoglycemia(or nocturnal hypoglycemia),age,and education level were the main factors influencing MMSE scores in aged type 2 diabetic patients(all P ＜0.05).

This article was aimed to evaluate clinical efficacy of the pulmonary rehabilitation health education guidance mode. The CAT assessment tool was used for evaluation of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) inpatients and outpatients in the Respiratory Department, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University. A total of 80 stable COPD patients were randomized divided into the treatment group and control group. In the treatment group, stable COPD patients received pulmonary rehabilitation health education guidance. And then the quality of life was evaluated. The results showed that compared with the control group, after 48-week health education intervention, the CAT score and dyspnea index scale score of 40 patients in the treatment group were decreased with significant difference (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the guidance mode of pulmonary rehabilitation health education was conducive to improving the quality of life of pa-tients with COPD, decreasing the dyspnea index score, and improving exercise tolerance in patients to a certain extent. This pattern can be implemented in the optimization of future clinical practice and nursing.

Objective To observe the effect of antihypertension treatment at different time after acute onset of stroke on patients' prognosis.Methods Ninety-six patients with ischemic stroke were randomly divided into three groups who received antihypertension treatment separately at the 4th,7th and 10th day after onset.Patients' neurologic deficit and ischemic events were observed at 1 month and 3 months in follow-up.Results Patients who received antihypertension at the 4th day after onset had severer neurologic deficit and more ischemic events than those who received antihypertension at the 7th or 10th day.The patients who received antihypertension treatment at the 7th and 10th day did not show significant difference in prognosis and occurrence rate of ischemic event.Conclusion It is preferable to start antihypertension treatment at the 7th day after onset for patients with ischemic stroke.