Objective To predict the disease burden of kidney cancer and to provide basic information for etiology and control planning.Methods We retrieved incidence data of kidney cancer from 18 urban cancer registries from National Central Cancer Registry during ten years period from 1998 to 2007.Ageperiod-cohort Bayesian model was applied for modeling to predict kidney cancer incidence in urban China in 2008-2015.Results Between 1998 and 2007,the incidence of kidney cancer in urban registration areas kept increasing dramatically.Incidence for male raised from 3.12/100 000 in 1998 to 5.36/100 000 in 2007 and from 1.66/100 000 to 2.67/100 000 for female.Different models showed that the increase was mainly caused by a cohort effect (P ＜ 0.001).The predicted incidence rate of kidney cancer for the year 2015 is 9.93 per 100 000 in male and 4.54 per 100 000 in female.The number of new cases will rise to 52 259 in 2015,including 36 616 men and 15 643 women.Conclusions The burden of kidney cancer in urban areas would increase due to the effect of age and cohort.Kidney cancer will become one of the main cancers threatening people's health in urban areas in China.Etiology research and planning of prevention and control for kidney cancer should be enhanced.

Objective To analyze the correlations between liver lipid level determined by liver 3.0 T 1H-MRS in vivo and influencing factors using multiple linear stepwise regression. Methods The prospective study of liver 1H-MRS was performed with 3.0 T system and eight-channel torso phased-array coils using PRESS sequence. Forty-four volunteers were enrolled in this study. Liver spectra were collected with a TR of 1500 ms ,TE of 30 ms, volume of interest of 2 cm ×2 cm ×2 cm, NSA of 64 times. The acquired raw proton MRS data were processed by using a software program SAGE. For each MRS measurement, using water as the internal reference, the amplitude of the lipid signal was normalized to the sum of the signal from lipid and water to obtain percentage lipid within the liver. The statistical description of height, weight, age and BMI, Line width and water suppression were recorded, and Pearson analysis was applied to test their relationships. Multiple linear stepwise regression was used to set the statistical model for the prediction of Liver lipid content. Results Age (39.1 ± 12. 6) years, body weight (64.4 ± 10. 4) kg,BMI (23.3 ±3.1) kg/m2, linewidth (18.9 ±4.4) and the water suppression (90.7 ±6.5)% had significant correlation with liver lipid content (0.00 to 0.96%, median 0. 02% ), r were 0.11,0. 44,0. 40,0. 52, - 0. 73 respectively(P < 0. 05 ). But only age, BMI, line width, and the water suppression entered into the multiple linear regression equation. Liver lipid content prediction equation was as follows: Y =1.395-(0.021 × water suppression) + (0.022 × BMI) + (0.014 × line width) - ( 0. 064 × age),and the coefficient of determination was 0.613, corrected coefficient of determination was 0.59. Conclusion The regression model fitted well, since the variables of age, BMI, width, and water suppression can explain about 60% of liver lipid content changes.

Objective To explore the effect of body mass and body mass index (BMI) on proton hepatic MRS water suppression at 3.0T. Methods The prospective study of hepatic proton MRS was performed with GE Signa Excite HD 3.0T system and eight-channel torso phased-array coils using PRESS sequence in 44 healthy subjects. Liver spectra were collected with TR of 1500 ms, TE of 30 ms, VOI of 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm and NSA of 64 times. Areas and heights for metabolites resonances were caulculated. Results Group with small mass has lower height ([161.2±8.5] cm vs [167.7±6.2])cm, lower BMI ([20.8±2.3] kg/m~2 vs [25.6±2.6]kg/m~2), better water suppression effect (min-max: 90-96 vs 65-94;median: 94 vs 93), smaller height (min-max: 1.41×10~4-5.76 ×10~5 vs 3.45×10~4-1.75×10~6;median: 9.00×10~4 vs 2.58×10~5) and integrated area (min-max: 4.27×10~4-2.00×10~7 vs 1.24×10~5-5.00×10~7;median: 2.64×10~5 vs 1.19×10~6)of Lip2 than larger weight group. Standardized lipid content (min-max: 0-0.11 vs 0-0.96;median: 0.01 vs 0.04) was less. Group with lower BMI had lower weight ([55.2±8.2]kg vs [71.2±7.8]kg), smaller age ([33.2±11.9]years vs [45.6±9.4]years), better water suppression effect(min-max: 90-96 vs 65-95;median: 94 vs 93) smaller of height (min-max: 1.41×10~4-5.76×10~5 vs 3.45×10~4-1.75×10~6;median: 7.37×10~4 vs 2.11×10~5) and integrated area (min-max: [4.27×10~4-2.00×10~7] vs [1.24×10~5 -5.00×10~7];median: 2.64×10~5 vs 1.19×10~6) of Lip2 than larger weight group. Standardized lipid content (min-max: 0-0.08 vs 0.01-0.96;median: 0.01 vs 0.04) was less. There was significant correlation among water suppression, weight (r=-0.478, P=0.001) and BMI (r=-0.494, P=0.001). Conclusion Lipid accumulation in the liver may be the result of increased fat portion of the body depending on mass and BMI, and hinder to achieve effective water suppression.

Objective To characterize the effect of the ~1H-MRS scan parametem, including the type of coil, TE,NSA and VOI, on shimming, water suppression, spectral signal to noise ratio(SNR)and the stability of the baseline of liver in vivo. Methods ~1H-MRS of liver in vivo was performed prospectively on GE Signa Excite HD 3.0 T system in 46 volunteers. Point-resolred spectroscopy(PRESS)sequence with built-in body coil and eight-channel torso phased-array coils was applied. After the localized scan,the first PRESS sequence with a TR of 1500 ms,TE of 30 ms. VOI of 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm and NSA of 64 times was acquired using eight-channel torso phased-array coils.(The first PRESS sequence parametem was deemed as A).Then,the sequence was repeated with alteration of the three parameters including the type of coil,TE and size of VOI.(Changed parameters deem as B).The data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed test.0 mark:A is similar to B,1 mark:A better than B,-1 mark:A worse than B.Results SNR(-1 mark 0 pair,0 mark 1 pair,1 mark 10 pair,Z=-3.162,P=0.002)was better in data(n=11)with eight-channel torso phased-array coils(A)than that with the built-in body coil(B),but the autoshimming line width with eight-channel torso phased-array coils were inferior to those with built-in body coil (-1 mark 8 pair,0 mark 2 pair,1 mark 1 pair,Z=-2.511,P=0.012).SNR was better in data(n=13)with TE of 30 ms(A)than that at the sequence with TE of 90 ms(B)(-1 mark 2 pair,0 mark 0 pair,1 mark 11 pair,Z=-2.496,P=0.013).whereas baseline stability was,poorer in the former(-1 mark 10 pair,0 mark 2 pair,1 mark 1 pair,Z=-2.333,P=0.020).SNR at the sequence(n=10)with VOI of 2 cm×2 cm×3 cm(B)was better(-1 mark 6 pair,0 mark 4 pair,1 mark 0 pair,Z=-2.449,P=0.014)than that at the sequence(n=29)with VOI of 2 cm ×2 cm × 2 cm(A),but poorer(-1 mark 0 pair,0 mark 5 pair,1 mark 5 pair,Z=-2.041,P=0.041)auto-shimming line width was shown. By comparison the sequences with NSA of 128 times(B)and NSA of 64 times(A),the former could provide better spectrum SNR(-1 mark 21 pair,0 mark 7 pair,1 mark 1 pair,Z=-4.264,P=0.000).Conclusion It is more easy to achieve a homogeneous bo magnetic field using a small size of VOI and builtin body coli.The sequence with VOI of 2 cm ×2 cm ×3 cm.NSA of 128 times is recommended for clinical use. Increase VOI and NSA are helpful to improve SNR. Longer TE is helpful to improve baseline stability.

Objective To assess the reliability of auto-shimming line width (LW) and water suppression rate (WS), and the correlation between them. Methods GE Signa Excite HD 3.0T system and eight-channel torso phased-array coils with PRESS sequence were performed in 38 volunteers. Liver spectra were collected with TR of 1500 ms, TE of 30 ms, VOI of 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm, NSA of 64 times. Spectroscopy routine auto-shimming pre-scanning program was executed and the values of LW and WS were recorded. Then another spectroscopy routine auto-shimming pre-scanning program was performed repeatedly and 38 groups of data were obtained totally. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and significance test were conduced on 38 groups of LW and WS data. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation of LW and WS. Results ①The ICC of LW and WS was 0.862 and 0.961 (both P＜0.0001), respectively, while the value of CV was 0.20, 0.18, 0.09 and 0.08, respectively. Significant difference was not observed; ②The value of correlation coefficient was -0.659, -0.485 (both P＜0.0001), respectively. Conclusion ①The reliability is excellent for in vivo liver 3.0T 1H-MRS and WS appears relatively stable; ②Indexes of LW correlate with WS moderately, and it seems the smaller the value of LW is, the easier to achieve higher WS.

Objective To explore the reproducibility of normal hepatic MRS at 3.0T. Methods The hepatic proton MRS was performed with GE Signa Excite HD 3.0T system and eight-channel torso phased-array coils using PRESS sequence. Thirty-one healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Liver spectra were collected with TR of 1500 ms, TE of 30 ms, ROI of 2 cm×2 cm×2 cm, NSA of 64 times. The outcomes were statistically analyzed with Wilcoxon signed ranks test and Spearman correlation test.Results There was no significant difference of signal to noise ratio (Z=-0.535,P=0.593), baseline stability (Z=-0.333, P=0.739), linewidth of automatic shimming (Z=-0.305, P=0.761), water suppression (Z=-1.232, P=0.218), height of lipid peak (Z=-0.558,P=0.557), area under the lipid peak (Z=-1.195,P=0.232), height of water peak (Z=-0.647,P=0.518) and area under the warter peak (Z=-0.118, P=0.906) between first examination and second examination. Correlation coefficient of the former and the later measurements of lipid area and water area were 0.784 (P<0.001) and 0.799 (P<0.001), respectively.Conclusion The reproducibility is good for in vivo liver proton MRS at 3.0T.

Objective To detect the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in cervical cancer and to explore the correlation.Methods A total of 68 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 45 patients with chronic cervicitis were selected.Immunohistochemistry and hybridization in situ were used to detect the expression of GnRH in cancer tissue and cervicitis.Protein and nucleic acid level were observed in patients with GnRH.Results In 45 patients with cervicitis, both GnRH and GnRH mRNA expressions were negative in cervical epithelial tissue, while in 68 cases of cervical squamous cell cancer, the positive expression of GnRH in cancer tissues was 82.36%, and positive expression rate of GnRH mRNA was 64.71%.There were significant differences in levels of GnRH and GnRH mRNA between patients with cervicitis and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05).The qualitative expression rates of GnRH in different clinical stages of cervical cancer were 55.56% of Ib, 87.10% of IIa and 100% of IIb, and qualitative expression rates of GnRH mRNA in different clinical stages of cervical cancer were 38.89% of Ib, 70.97% of IIa and 84.21% of IIb.There were significant differences in GnRH and GnRH mRNA levels between patients with different clinical stages of cervical cancer (P<0.05).Conclusion There is a high level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cervical cancer, which may be involved in the development of cancer cells.

Objective To detect the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in cervical cancer and to explore the correlation.Methods A total of 68 patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 45 patients with chronic cervicitis were selected.Immunohistochemistry and hybridization in situ were used to detect the expression of GnRH in cancer tissue and cervicitis.Protein and nucleic acid level were observed in patients with GnRH.Results In 45 patients with cervicitis, both GnRH and GnRH mRNA expressions were negative in cervical epithelial tissue, while in 68 cases of cervical squamous cell cancer, the positive expression of GnRH in cancer tissues was 82.36%, and positive expression rate of GnRH mRNA was 64.71%.There were significant differences in levels of GnRH and GnRH mRNA between patients with cervicitis and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.05).The qualitative expression rates of GnRH in different clinical stages of cervical cancer were 55.56% of Ib, 87.10% of IIa and 100% of IIb, and qualitative expression rates of GnRH mRNA in different clinical stages of cervical cancer were 38.89% of Ib, 70.97% of IIa and 84.21% of IIb.There were significant differences in GnRH and GnRH mRNA levels between patients with different clinical stages of cervical cancer (P<0.05).Conclusion There is a high level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in cervical cancer, which may be involved in the development of cancer cells.

Objective:To understand the epidemiological characteristics of measles outbreaks in China from 2016 to 2020 and related outbreak investigations and response performances.Methods:The information about the incidence of measles outbreaks, the investigation and response of measles outbreaks in 31 provinces from 2016 to 2020 were collected from Measles Surveillance System, and the incidence of suspected measles outbreaks detected through sporadic case finding during the same period according to the measles outbreak definition was analyzed.Results:From 2016 to 2020, a total of 344 measles outbreaks were reported nationwide, involving 1 886 measles cases. The median of intervals between the first case onsets and reported outbreaks ranged from 4 to 10 days, the median of the numbers of involved cases ranged from 2 to 3, and the median of the duration of the epidemic ranged from 8 to 13 days, and some outbreaks had long durations of 65,44,28,63 and 13 days. The top three provinces with high number of reported outbreaks were Gansu, Beijing and Shandong. Among the reported outbreaks, 115 occurred in communities/villages, accounting for the highest proportion. The genotype identification results indicated that all the outbreaks in 2016 were caused by measles virus H1, and the proportion of the outbreaks caused by measles virus H1 decreased year by year since then, which was 88.57% (31/35) in 2017, 85.00% (17/20) in 2018 and 15.79% (3/19) in 2019 respectively. There was no outbreak caused by measles H1 reported in 2020, the 4 isolates all belonged to genotype D8. Active case findings were conducted in local medical institutions for 313 outbreaks, and measles-containing vaccine coverage surveys were conducted for 266 outbreaks. From 2016 to 2020, a total of 919 suspected measles outbreaks were detected nationwide, involving 4 212 measles cases. The top three provinces with suspected measles outbreaks were Xinjiang, Gansu and Sichuan. The suspected measles outbreaks also mainly occurred in communities/villages (493).Conclusions:The number, scale and duration of measles outbreaks were gradually decreasing, the measles outbreaks at the community level can not be ignored, and the local H1 genotypes tend to be gradually replaced by other genotypes. Improving the sensitivity of outbreak surveillance, promoting vaccination, expanding the vaccine coverage, timely and effective response to the outbreaks are the focus of measles elimination in China in the future.

Objective:To give some suggestions on the policy optimization of the establishment of National Hygienic City from the perspective of policy system.Methods:Policy documents were searched in WanFang Database and websites of ministries and commissions directly affiliated to the State Council with the key words of hygienic city, and analyzed by using the content analysis and quantitative analysis, based on the theory and perspective of policy tools and the two-dimensional analysis framework.Results:Among the 161 policy documents, supply-based, environment-based, and demand-based policy tools accounted for 6.83% (11/161), 83.85% (135/161), and 9.32% (15/161) respectively. Policy planning, policy implementation, policy supervision, and policy evaluation tools accounted for 10.56% (17/161), 63.35% (102/161), 21.74% (35/161), and 4.35% (7/161) respectively.Conclusion:The government should reduce its dependence on environmental policy tools, especially strategic measures, and attach importance to the use of supply-based policy tools and demand-based policy tools. At the same time, it should pay attention to the formulation of more practical policy tools in the process of policy evaluation.