Objective To investigate the situation of infectious diseases prevention and control and its possible influencing factors of primary and middle schools in Pudong New Area,in order to provide evidence for establishment of effective control system of primary and middle schools.Methods The situation of infectious diseases prevention and control of 368 primary and middle schools in Pudong New Area was investigated.Results Organization and relevant system for infectious diseases prevention and control were carried well,but the proportion of full-time health care personnel was low.There had been infectious diseases in 297 (80.71％) schools from 2013 to 2015,involving 4 326 cases.And 129 (35.05％) schools had 255 infectious diseases clusters.Whether the disinfection of sanitary ware and indoor air were qualified were the possible influencing factors of infectious diseases prevention and control.Conclusions The overall work of infectious diseases prevention and control is developed well,but some aspects need further improvement.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in medical institutions in Pudong New Area.Methods Ten medical institutions in Pudong New Area were selected as monitored hospitals, cross-sectional survey on HAI in each hospital at a given day of November 2013 and November 2014 were conduc-ted.Prevalence of HAI in different levels of hospitals were compared.Results The prevalence rates of HAI in 2013 and 2014 were 4.04% and 3.75% respectively,there was no significant difference between two years(χ2 =0.709,P=0.400).The prevalence rates of HAI in primary,secondary,and tertiary hospitals in 2013 were 0.66%,3.32%, and 4.60% respectively,in 2014 were 0,3.52%,and 4.01 % respectively,prevalence rates of HAI in different lev-els of hospitals of each year were significantly different (all P <0.05).Prevalence rates of HAI were high in depart-ments of neurosurgery,hematology,intensive care units(ICUs),and gerontology.The prevalence rate of infection in ICUs increased obviously,from 10.09% to 18.78% (χ2 =3.921 ,P =0.048),departments of gerontology de-creased obviously,from 10.07% to 5.02%(χ2 =5.698,P =0.017).The main HAI sites were lower respiratory tract (36.72%),upper respiratory tract (9.96%),and urinary tract (12.89%).172 pathogenic isolates were de-tected in 2013,and 177 were detected in 2014,gram-negative bacteria,gram-positive bacteria,and fungi accounted for 60.74%,26.37%,and 12.89% respectively.Constituent ratios of pathogens causing HAI between two surveys were not significantly different (χ2 =5.819,P =0.830).Conclusion Among different levels of hospitals in Pudong New Area,tertiary hospitals have the highest prevalence rate,HAI in ICU increases obviously,the main HAI site is lower respiratory tract,the main pathogens are gram-negative bacteria.

Objective To establish emergency disposal procedures of healthcare-associated infection(HAI) in Pudong New Area, evaluate on-site investigation method, identify the key links and risk factors for infection, and timely control HAI outbreak.Methods From January 2012 to December 2014, epidemiological investigation on HAI outbreaks in 65 hospitals in Pudong New Area was performed, emergency plan for disposal procedures of HAI was initiated, the emergency disposal procedures of each event was evaluated by experts.Results There were 6 infection outbreaks occurred in Pudong New Area from January 2012 to December 2014, all were HAI, and no community-associated infection existed simultaneously;6 cases of HAI outbreaks involved 119 persons, the major were hospitalized patients (n=99,83.19%) and care workers (n=16,13.45%);5 outbreaks all detected Norovirus, the main transmission route wasclose contact of nurses with patients during care for patients;the evaluation of each incident revealed that the total score was >90.Conclusion The emergency disposal procedure of HAI suitable for Pudong New Area has been established, the effect is good and proved effective according to the expert evaluation on practical outbreaks.

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low power laser on basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF) expression in periodontal tissue during tooth movement.

METHODS18 white rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 rabbits in each group, including groups of 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. Under an anesthesia condition by 2% pentobarbital sodium, the stainless coil springs were fixed between the first maxillary molar and the incisor producing the force of 80 g. The right side of maxilla was considered as the experimental group under the irradiation of low power laser with the left side as the control groups. The expression of bFGF was investigated half-quantitatively through immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTSThe expression of bFGF in periodontal tissue with irradiation of low power laser was higher than the control side. There were significant differences among the 5, 7, and 14 day groups. In the tension area of the experimental side, the expression of bFGF in the osteoblastic surface of alveolar bone was characteristically greater than that of the control side.

CONCLUSIONThe laser of low power promotes the expression of bFGF in the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone remodeling.

Alveolar Process ; metabolism ; Animals ; Female ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ; biosynthesis ; radiation effects ; Low-Level Light Therapy ; Male ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; Periodontal Ligament ; metabolism ; radiation effects ; Periodontium ; metabolism ; radiation effects ; Rabbits ; Random Allocation ; Tooth Movement Techniques

Objective To investigate the expression of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAchR), cholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyl translocase (ChaT) after sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods A total of 120 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats with both two genders, aged 1 week, were randomly divided into 5 groups: blank group; air/O2 group; sevoflurane group (group SEV); α7 nAchR agonist group (group PUN); α7 nAchR antagonist group (group MLA), 24 in each group. Blank group received free feeding, air/O2 group was inhaled 60％ oxygen (carrier gas: 1 L/min O2+1 L/min air) 2 h; group SEV was inhaled 3.4％ sevoflurane and carrier gas for 2 h; group PUN and group MLA were injected with PNU-282987 and methyllycaconitine, respectively, after 24 h inhaled of 3.4％ sevoflurane and carrier gas for 2 h. After that, hippocampus dissection carried out in 2 h, 1 w, 4 w, and Western blot method was used to detect α7 nAchR, AChE, ChaT proteins expression. Results Two hours after anesthesia recovery, α7 nAchR in groups SEV, PNU and MLA was significantly lower than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05); AChE in groups PNU and MLA was significantly lower than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05); ChaT in groups SEV, PNU and MLA was significantly lower than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05). One week after anesthesia recovery, α7 nAchR in blank group and groups SEV and PNU was significantly higher than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05), α7 nAchR in group MLA was significantly lower than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05); AChE in blank group and and group PNU was significantly higher than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05), ChaT in blank group was significantly higher than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05), ChaT in group SEV was significantly lower than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05). Four weeks after anesthesia awake, AChE in each group was not statistically significant; α7 nAchR in group SEV was significantly higher than that in blank group (P ＜ 0.05), α7 nAchR in group PNU and MLA was significantly lower than that in blank group (P ＜ 0.05); ChaT in blank group and group PNU was significantly lower than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05), ChaT in group MLA was significantly higher than that in air/O2 group (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Sevoflurane inhalation can inhibit ChaT, α7 nAChR, which had no direct effect on AChE; α7 nAChR agonist can effectively help α7 nAChR and ChaT inhibition inhaled sevoflurane, and reached a peak at about 1 week; oxygen concentration around 60％ can increase α7 nAChR expression quantity, to a certain extent against sevoflurane inhibition.

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to compare the changes of hyoid bone position before and after treatment of Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion using improved appliance FR Ⅲ.

METHODSForty patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion were chosen and divided into two groups, namely, experimental and control. Each group had 20 patients. The young patients in the experi-mental group were treated using improved appliance FR Ⅲ, whereas those in the control group were treated using classic appliance FR Ⅲ. The hyoid bone position of the two groups were comparatively analyzed using an X-ray film before and after treatment.

RESULTSCompared with the condition before treatment, the condition after treatment showed that the hyoid bone position of young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using improved appliance FR Ⅲ, H-FH, H-S, H-Ptm, and Ar-H-Me exhibited an increased angle (P<0.01), whereas the hyoid bone position of those treated using H-MP and H-Gn showed a decreased angle (P<0.01). The hyoid bone position of young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using classic appliance FR Ⅲ, H-FH, H-S, and H-Ptm had an increased angle (P<0.05). Moreover, the hyoid bone position of those treated using Ar-H-Me had an increased angle (P<0.01), and the hyoid bone position of those treated using H-MP and H-RGn had a decreased angle (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSCompared with the hyoid bone position before treatment, the hyoid bone position after treatment of the young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using improved appliance FR Ⅲ may move backward and downward, and the mandibular and hyoid bone position may move through clockwise rotation. The mandibular and hyoid bone position of young patients with Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion treated using classic appliance FR Ⅲ obtained a large angle by moving clockwise. The man-dibular bone moves backward and downward, thereby improving the hyoid bone in backward and upward directions. This condition makes a significant difference in treating the hyoid bone position of young patients with functional Angle class Ⅲ malocclusion.
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Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; Mandible

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of oncogene AKT2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). METHOD: The expression of AKT2 protein was measured with immunohistochemistry (Elivision two steps) in 60 cases of LSCC tissue, 28 cases of peri-cancer tissue and 16 cases of normal laryngeal epithelium, the relationship between AKT2 expression and clinical pathologic factors in LSCC was also analyzed. RESULT: The positive rates of AKT2 protein expression in LSCC and peri-cancer tissue were 56.7% (34/60), 14.3% (4/28) respectively. There was no expression of AKT2 in normal laryngeal epithelium. The positive rate of AKT2 protein expression in LSCC was significantly higher than that in peri-cancer tissue and normal laryngeal epithelium (P < 0.05, respectively). The positive rate of AKT2 was correlated with tumor site, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage of LSCC (P < 0.05, respectively), but wasn't correlated with patient's age, sex, and T stage (P > 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION AKT2 might play an important role in the tumorigenesis and development of LSCC, and it was suggested that AKT2 could be a useful marker for predicting tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis potential of LSCC.
Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Laryngeal Mucosa ; metabolism ; pathology ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism

Objective: To investigate the value of Cytomegalovirus(CMV) DNA real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) in different body fluids for diagnosing CMV pneumonia in immunocompetent infants. Methods: The clinical data of immunocompetent infants with CMV pneumonia who were treated in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Guangdong Women and Children′s Hospital from January 1^st, 2016 to February 5^th, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.The clinical data included CMV DNA load of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF), urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF); blood immunoglobulin(Ig)M CMV, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), X-ray and CT test of chest, combined infection, clinical manifestation and treatment. Results: Nine hundred and twenty-six infants received bronchoalveolar lavage by bronchoscope, and 34 cases were diagnosed as immunocompetent with CMV pneumonia.The infants with CMV pneumonia: the positive percentage of urine CMV DNA, blood CMV DNA, blood IgM CMV and ALT elevation were 100.0%(34/34 cases), 61.8%(21/34 cases), 52.9%(18/34 cases) and 20.6%(7/34 cases), respectively.There was no difference in positive percentage between blood CMV DNA and blood IgM CMV (χ²=0.5, P>0.05). Both the positive percentages of blood CMV DNA and blood IgM CMV were lower than those in the urine CMV DNA, and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=16.1, 20.9, all P<0.05). The positive percentages of ALT elevation were lower than those in the positive percentage of urine CMV DNA, blood CMV DNA and blood IgM CMV, and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=44.8, 11.9, 7.7, all P<0.05). Ten patients′ CSF CMV DNA were tested, and they were all negative.The median load of CMV DNA in BALF, urine and blood was 170.0×10⁵ copies/L, 130.0×10⁵ copies/L and 6.0×10⁵ copies/L.There was no difference in median load between BALF and urine (U=561, P>0.05). BALF CMV DNA load and blood CMV DNA load had a weak positive correlation (r=0.35, P<0.05), BALF CMV DNA load and age had a negative correlation (r=-0.42, P<0.05), and urine CMV DNA load and blood CMV DNA load had a positive correlation (r=0.52, P<0.05). No matter whether blood IgM CMV was positive, BALF CMV DNA load had no differences (U=92, P>0.05). The main radiographic signs were pulmonary interstitial lesions.Thirty-four immunocompetent infants with CMV pneumonia, 18 patients (52.9%) with symptoms lasted for over 2 weeks, 20 patients (58.8%) had complicated infections.They all received inductive treatment of Ganciclovir, 55.9%(19/34 cases) patients′ urine CMV DNA turned to be negative.When patients got combined infections by bacteria or mycoplasma, antibiotics were used.All discharged patients had symptoms relieved and signs improved. Conclusions BALF RT-PCR is instant, sensitive and distinctive method to diagnose CMV pneumonia.Urine RT-PCR gets specimens conveniently and safely, its positive percentage and DNA load are present well according to BALF, and is suitable for screening and monitoring CMV infection.Blood CMV DNA load and blood IgM CMV indicate viral dissemination and immunocompetence, but it is not recommended for diagnosing CMV pneumonia solely.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of hippocampal α7 nicotinic ace-tylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) , acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) and choline acetyltransferase ( ChAT) after sevoflurane anesthesia in neonatal rats. Methods Seventy-two healthy Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes, aged 7 days, weighing 25-40 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=24 each) using a random number table method: control group ( group C) , air and oxygen group ( group A∕O) and sevoflurane group ( group S) . Rats were exposed to carrier gas ( air 1 L∕min plus oxygen 1 L∕min) for 2 h in group A∕O. Rats were ex-posed to 3. 4％ sevoflurane in carrier gas for 2 h in group S. Eight rats in each group were selected at 2 h, 1 week and 4 weeks after the end of inhalation, and sacrificed, brains were removed and hippocampal tis-sues were obtained for determination of α7nAChR, AChE and ChAT protein and mRNA by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results Compared with group A∕O, the expression of α7nAChR mRNA was significantly down-regulated at each time point after the end of inhalation, and the expression of TnAChR was down-regulated at 2 h after the end of inhalation and up-regulated at 1 week after the end of inhalation, the expression of AChE mRNA was up-regulated at 2 h after the end of inhalation and down-regulated at 4 weeks after the end of inhalation, the expression of AChE was down-regulated at 4 weeks after the end of inhalation, the expression of ChAT mRNA was up-regulated at 2 h after the end of in-halation, and the expression of ChAT was down-regulated at each time point after the end of inhalation in group S ( P<0. 05) . Conclusion The expression of hippocampal α7nAChR is down-regulated at first and then up-regulated after sevoflurane anesthesia, the expression of ChAT and AchE in the later period is down-regulated, the tendency of protein expression mentioned above is different from that of its mRNA ex-pression, suggesting that sevoflurane may affect the protein expression through other pathways.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus detection based on the diarrhea syndromic surveillance in Pudong ,Shanghai .Methods Diarrhea syndromic surveillance program was conducted in outpatient and emergency departments of 12 sentinel hospitals during 2012 -2016 .The clinical and epidemiological data of diarrheal patients were collected .The fecal specimens were also sampled . The detections for norovirus by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing were performed .Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test was used to compare the detection rate .Binary logistic regression was used to explore the impact factors of norovirus infection among diarrheal patients . Results The detective rate of norovirus among diarrheal patients was 21 .59％ ,peaking from October to next March .Among all the age groups ,the detection rate was highest among patients with 25 - 64 years old .The patients with more severe diarrhea symptoms (> 5 times a day) were more likely to be infected with norovirus than those with diarrhea 3 - 5 times a day (χ2 = 21 .167 ,P< 0 .01) .Vomiting was also an indicator of norovirus infection .Patients presented with vomiting had a higher norovirus detection rate (χ2 = 198 .543 , P < 0 .01) . Norovirus G Ⅱ was the predominant genotype .Conclusions The recent epidemic of norovirus infection in diarrheal patients in Pudong new district has an apparent seasonality peaked from October to next March .Adult ,patients with vomiting and more severe diarrhea symptoms are at risk of norovirus infection .The long-term surveillance is critical for the norovirus infection control .